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Hollow Structural Section – Connections And Trusses Free PDF

Rectangular hollow section (RHS) trusses can be formed by welding together single- or double-miter cut RHS web members and RHS chords. Web members may either be gapped or overlapped at the chord face.

Overlapped connections (or joints) are stiffer and stronger than gapped connections, but both are considered to be “semi-rigid” (neither pinned nor rigid).

Lack of connection rigidity is well-known to affect the force distribution and deflections in RHS trusses

Content :

1. Introduction
2. Previous truss tests
3. Truss test program
4. RHS truss models
5. Evaluation of truss models
6. Comments on CSA S16-14 and additional recommendations
7. Conclusions

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AISC Steel Office Building Design Case Study

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Frantisek Wald – Benchmark cases for advanced design of structural steel connections

The CBFEM (component-based finite element model) is a new method to analyze and design connections of steel structures. The design focused CM (component model) is compared to FEM (finite elements models).

The publication introduces Benchmark Cases for Validation and Verification procedures of structural steel joints. The hierarchy of the System response quantity is prepared for welded and bolted connections as well as for column bases.

Each Benchmark Case starts with the task description and includes results of prediction by the analytical model according to EN 1993-1-5, references to experiments, validated model and numerical experiments, results of prediction by design Finite Element Analyses described in terms of global behavior and verification of resistance.

At the end of the publication, the reader may check his calculation on Benchmark cases prepared for the particular joint. Finite Element Analyses is a current step in design of steel connections, which allows to predict the generally loaded joints with a complex geometry with the same efficiency and accuracy as the traditionally designed connections based on the best engineering practice. Implementation of the FEA models for the structural steel detailing creates the qualitative step as we may see in other areas of engineering.

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Paolo Rugarli – Steel Connection Analysis

Steel connection analysis and checking is one of the most complex problems in structural engineering, and even though we use very powerful computing tools, it is still generally done using very simplistic approaches.

Fromthe point of view of a typical structural engineer, the problem to solve is to design and check nodes, not single connections, i.e. a number of connections between a number of different members – maybe tens or even hundreds of load combinations, inclined member axes, and generic stress states.

In a typical 3D structure there may be several tens of such nodes, or maybe even hundreds, which may be similar, or may be different from one another; identifying nodes that are equal is one of the problems that the designer has to face in order to reduce the number of different possible solutions, and in order to get a rational design. However, this problem of detecting equal nodes has not been sufficiently researched, and there are currently no tools that are able to properly solve this issue.

If posed with the due generality, the problem of checking 3D nodes of real structures has not been solved by automatic computing tools. Also, because a general method of tackling all these problems is apparently still lacking, usually a few “cooking recipes” have been used to solve a limited number of typical, recurring (2D assimilated) nodes.

Indeed, it often happens that true, real world nodes have to be analyzed by such recipes, despite the fact that the basic hypotheses needed to apply these recipes do not always hold true. This poses a serious problem because although these “cooking recipes” have been widely used, in the past few years they have been applied to 3D structures designed using computer tools, in the non-linear range, perhaps in seismic areas, and with the aim of reducing the weight of steel.

The effects of such oversimplification have already been seen in many structures where steel connections have failed, especially in seismic areas (e.g. Booth 2014), but even in non-seismic areas (e.g. White et al. 2013, Bruneau et al. 2011). Generally speaking, it is well known that connections are one of the most likely points of weakness of steel structures, one of the most cumbersome to design – indeed one of the least designed – and one of the least software-covered in structural engineering.

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Handbook of Structural Steel Connection Design and Details

Fully updated with the latest AISC and ICC codes and specifications, Handbook of Structural Steel Connection Design and Details, Second Edition, is the most comprehensive resource on load and resistance factor design (LRFD) available. This authoritative volume surveys the leading methods for connecting structural steel components, covering state-of-the-art techniques and materials, and includes new information on welding and connections. Hundreds of detailed examples, photographs, and illustrations are found throughout this practical handbook.
Handbook of Structural Steel Connection Design and Details, Second Edition, covers:

Fasteners and welds for structural connections.
Connections for axial, moment, and shear forces.
Welded joint design and production.
Splices, columns, and truss chords.
Partially restrained connections.
Seismic design.
Structural steel details.
Connection design for special structures.
Inspection and quality control.
Steel deck connections.
Connection to composite members.

McGraw-Hill Education, 2017
pdf, 652 pages, english

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Steel Detailers’ Manual

Structural steel has distinct capabilities compared with other construction materials such as reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, timber and brickwork. In most structures it is used in combination with other materials, the attributes of each combining to form the whole. For example, a factory building will usually be steel framed with foundations, ground and suspended floors of reinforced concrete. Wall cladding might be of brickwork with the roof clad with profiled steel sheeting. Stability of the whole building usually relies upon the steel frame,

sometimes aided by inherent stiffness of floors and cladding. The structural design and detailing of the building must consider this carefully and take into account intended sequences of construction and erection.

Steel is the most versatile of the traditional construction materials and the most reliable in terms of consistent quality. By its very nature it is also the strongest and may be used to span long distances with a relatively low self weight. Using modern techniques for corrosion protection the use of steel provides structures having a long reliable life, and allied with use of fewer internal columns achieves flexibility for future occupancies. Eventually when the useful life of the structure is over, the steelwork may be dismantled and realise a significant residual value not
achieved with alternative materials. There are also many cases where steel frames have been used again, re-erected elsewhere.

Structural steel is a material having very wide capabilities and is compatible with and can be joined to most other materials, including plain concrete, reinforced or prestressed concrete, brickwork, timber, plastics and earthenware. Its co-efficient of thermal expansion is virtually identical with that of concrete so that differential movements from changes in temperature are not a serious consideration when these materials are combined. Steel is often in competition with other materials, particularly structural concrete. For some projects different contractors
often compete to build the structural frame in steel or concrete to maximise use of their own particular skills and resources. This is healthy as a means of maintaining reasonable construction costs. Steel though is able to contribute effectively in almost any structural project to a significant extent.Steel for structural use is normally hot rolled from billets in the form of flat plate or section at a rolling mill by the steel producer, and then delivered to a steel fabricator’s workshop, where components are manufactured to precise form with connections for joining them together at site.
Frequently used sizes and grades are also supplied by the mills to steel stockholders from whom fabricators may conveniently purchase material at short notice, but often at higher cost. Fabrication involves operations of sawing, shearing, punching, grinding, bending, drilling and
welding to the steel so that it must be suitable for undergoing these processes without detriment to its required properties.

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Unified Design of Steel Structures

Study the design of steel building structures per the 2005 unified specification, ANSI/AISC 360-05 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings with this key resource. Author Louis F. Geschwindner first builds the foundation for steel design and then explores the various member types in more detail. He provides guidance for those new to the field as well as an excellent review for practicing engineers looking to learn the provisions of the unified specification and to convert their practice from the old specifications to the new one.

Content :
Introduction
Loads, Load Factors, and Load Combinations
Steel Building Materials
Tension Members
Compression Members
Bending Members in Structures
Plate Girders
Beam-Columns and Frame Behavior
Composite Construction
Connection Elements
Simple Connections
Moment Connections
Steel Systems for Seismic Resistance

Chapter 1 includes an expanded discussion of structural integrity along with a discussion of the timing of adoption of the new provisions into the International Building Code. The integrated project introduced in this chapter for use throughout the book has been relocated to a new city from the 2nd edition and the framing system modified. This will provide new homework options for those who have implemented this project. A computer model using the RAM Structural System will be available on the book website to support inclusion of the integrated project in courses. Finally, an expanded discussion of reliability and statistics as it applies to structural steel design has been included.

Chapter 2 provides an expanded discussion of snow, wind and seismic loads and additional calculations for these environmental loads using ASCE 7.

Chapter 3 discusses the new steels approved by the 2016 Specification and the new approach taken by ASTM to the specification of high strength bolts.

Chapter 4 addresses tension members. The provisions have not changed, but there has been a revision in standard hole sizes for bolts. These new sizes have been implemented in the examples where appropriate.

Chapter 5 looks at compression members, and the Specification nomenclature change of KL to Lc has been implemented. A section and an example have been added to address gravity-only columns and their influence on the effective length of columns in lateral load resisting systems. The completely new approach for treatment of columns with slender elements, introduced with the 2016 Specification, is addressed. Single angle compression members and built-up compression members are discussed and examples provided.

Chapter 6 on flexural members includes a discussion of the shape factor and its significance. The use of Manual Table 3-10, the beam curves, with Cb not equal to 1.0, is expanded and a new example is included to illustrate the use of Manual Table 3-2, the economy tables, for noncompact beams. The treatment of tees, single angles and double angle beams has been expanded and examples included. Determination of shear strength for wide-flange members when the reduced resistance factor or increased safety factor must be used is now illustrated.

Chapter 7 addresses plate girders as doubly symmetric I-shapes built up from plates. It now includes a discussion of these plate girders with compact webs. The completely revised treatment of shear in plate girders included in the 2016 Specification has been incorporated, and the corresponding stiffener design has been expanded.

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Principles of Structural Design Wood Steel and Concrete

Buildings and other structures are classified based on the risk associated with unacceptable performance of the structure, according to Table 1.1.

The risk categories range from I to IV, where category I represents buildings and other structures that pose no danger to human life in the event of failure and category IV represents all essential facilities.

Each structure is assigned the highest applicable risk category.

Assignment of more than one risk category to the same structure based on use and loading conditions is permitted.

To safeguard public safety and welfare, towns and cities across the United States follow certain
codes for design and construction of buildings and other structures.

Until recently, towns and cities modeled their codes based on the following three regional codes, which are normally revised at 3-year intervals:

1. The Building Officials and Code Administrators National Building Code
2. The Uniform Building Code
3. The Standard Building Code

The book is appropriate for an academic program in architecture, construction management,
general engineering, and civil engineering, where the curriculum provides for a joint coursework in wood, steel, and concrete design.

The book has four sections, expanded into 17 chapters. Section I, comprising Chapters 1
through 5, enables students to determine the various types and magnitude of loads that will be acting on any structural element and the combination(s) of those loads that will control the design.

ASCE 7-10 has made major revisions to the provisions for wind loads. In Section I, the philosophy of the load and resistance factor design and the unified approach to design are explained.

Wood design in Section II from Chapters 6 through 8 covers sawn lumber, glued laminated
timber, and structural composite or veneer lumber, which are finding increased application in wood structures.

The NDS 2012 has modified the format conversion factors and has also introduced some
new modification factors.

First, the strength capacities in accordance with the NDS 2012 for tensile, compression, and bending members are discussed and the basic designs of these members are performed.

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Steel Design 5th Edition

Steel Design, Fifth Edition covers the fundamentals of structural steel design for buildings.

This book is intended for junior-and senior-level engineering students, although some of the later chapters can be used in a combination undergraduate/graduate course.

Practicing civil engineers who need a review of current practice and the

current AISC Specification and Manual will find the book useful as a reference.

Students should have a background in mechanics of materials and analysis of statically determinate structures.

Knowledge of statically indeterminate structural analysis is not a prerequisite for the use of this book.

Structural design is a complex endeavor, involving the synthesis of many processes.

This book does not cover the integrated design of buildings, but presents some of the “building blocks” for structural steel design.

We focus on the analysis and design of individual members and connections, rather than complete structures.

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Steel Structures Design and Practice

Structural design emphasizes that the elements of a structure are to be proportioned
and joined together in such a way that they will be able to withstand all the loads
(load effects) that are likely to act on it during its service life, without excessive
deformation or collapse.

Structural design is often considered as an art as well as
a science. It must balance theoretical analysis with practical considerations, such
as the degree of certainty of loads and forces, the actual behaviour of the structure
as distinguished from the idealized analytical and design model, the actual behaviour
of the material compared to the assumed elastic behaviour, and the actual properties
of materials used compared to the assumed ones.

Steel is one of the major construction materials used all over the world. It has
many advantages over other competing materials, such as high strength to weight
ratio, high ductility (hence its suitability for earthquake-resistant structures), and
uniformity. It is also agreen material in the sense that it is fully recyclable. Presently,
several grades and shapes of steel products exist.

Structural designers need to have a sound knowledge of structural steel behaviour,
including the material behaviour of steel, and the structural behaviour of individual
elements and of the complete structure. Unless structural engineers are abreast of
the recent developments and understand the relationships between the structural
behaviour and the design criteria implied by the rules of the design codes, they will
be following the coda1 rules rigidly and blindly and may even apply them incorrectly
in situations beyond their scope.

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