Basic Structures for Engineers and Architects

The structure of a building (or other object) is the part which is responsible
for maintaining the shape of the building under the infl uence of the
forces, loads and other environmental factors to which it is subjected.

It is important that the structure as a whole (or any part of it) does not fall
down, break or deform to an unacceptable degree when subjected to such
forces or loads.

The study of structures involves the analysis of the forces and stresses
occurring within a structure and the design of suitable components to
cater for such forces and stresses.

As an analogy, consider the human body. Your body comprises a skeleton
of 206 bones which constitutes the structure of your body.

If any of those bones were to break, or if any of the joints between those bones were
to disconnect or seize up, your injured body would ‘fail’ structurally (and
cause you a great deal of pain!).

If you are a student studying a module called Structures, Structural Mechanics
or similar, the chapter headings in this book will tie in – more or
less – with the lecture topics presented by your lecturer or tutor.

I suggest you read each chapter of this book soon after the relevant lecture or class
to reinforce your knowledge and skills in the topic concerned.

I advise all readers to have a pen and paper beside them to jot down notes as they go
through the book – particularly the numerical examples.

In my experience,this greatly aids understanding.

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Hydraulic Structures

The major function of a hydraulic project (i.e., water project) is to alter the natural

behavior of a water body (river, lake, sea, groundwater) by concentrating its flow fall.

It is intended for purposeful use for the benefits of national economy and to protect

the environment, including electric power generation, flood control, water supply,

silt mitigation, navigation, irrigation and draining, fish handling and farming,

ecologic protection, and recreation.

It is common that a number of hydraulic structures (i.e., hydraulic works) of general

or special purposes are constructed to form a single or integrated hydraulic project to

comprehensively serve foregoing purposes.

Such a project is known as the water resources project or hydropower project in China,

and the latter is primarily for electric power generation in addition to other possible benefits.

The general-purpose and special-purpose hydraulic structures which are parts of a hydraulic project can be further divided into main, auxiliary, and temporary structures.

As a result the successful management of a civil engineering project depends upon use

of an appropriate contract for construction; the judgements of the civil engineer in charge

and his team of engineering advisers; the need to arrange for supervision of the work of construction as it proceeds, and on the competence of the contractor engaged to build

the works and his engineers and tradesmen.

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Structural and Stress Analysis Theories, tutorials and examples

Any material or structure may fail when it is loaded. The successful design of a structure requires detailed structural and stress analysis in order to assess whether or not it can safely support the required loads.

Figure 1.1 shows how a structure behaves under applied loads.

To prevent structural failure, a typical design must consider the following three major aspects:

1 Strength – The structure must be strong enough to carry the applied loads.
2 Stiffness – The structure must be stiff enough such that only allowable deformation occurs.
3 Stability – The structure must not collapse through buckling subjected to the applied compressive loads.

The subject of structural and stress analysis provides analytical, numerical and experimental
methods for determining the strength, stiffness and stability of load-carrying structural members.

This book is not intended to be an additional textbook of structural and stress analysis for
students who have already been offered many excellent textbooks which are available on the
market.

Instead of going through rigorous coverage of the mathematics and theories, this
book summarizes major concepts and important points that should be fully understood before
students claim that they have successfully completed the subject.

One of the main features of this book is that it aims at helping students to understand the subject through asking and answering conceptual questions, in addition to solving problems based on applying the derived formulas.

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Steel Design for the Civil PE and Structural SE Exams

My purpose in writing this book is twofold. First, to help practicing engineers who are

preparing for the civil structural Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exam or

the structural engineering (SE) exam, both administered by the National Council

of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES).

Second, to help engineering students who are learning about structural steel.

This book, then, is designed to be useful as a guide for studying on your own

or as a text for an introductory or intermediate class in steel design.

The main purpose of this book, Steel Design for the Civil PE and Structural SE

Exams,is to be a study reference for engineers and students who are preparing

to take either the civil structural PE exam or the structural SE exam, both of

which are given by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and

Surveying (NCEES).

These exams—even the breadth section of the civil PE exam, which is more

general in its scope—often contain structural questions that go beyond the basics.

If you want to be prepared for all questions in steel design, this book will give you

the thorough review you need.

However, anyone who wants to learn more about the most current steel design methods can benefit from this book. It can serve as a guide for those who are studying on their own or as a text in a formal course.

After a quick review of some basics in the early chapters, each chapter in turn explores in greater detail a different aspect of steel design. Among the topics covered are :

• loads and load combinations
• analysis methods
• design : of beams, columns, and plate girders
: of members under combined stresses
: of composite members
• bolted and welded connections

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Structural Analysis

Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics
required to study and predict the behavior of structures. This new book gathers and presents current research in the field of structural analysis across a broadspectrum of topics.

Discussions in this compilation include: evaluating seismic
safety using non-linear structural analysis; a structural analysis of how art is
made; the structure and function of vegetal ecosystems in semiarid regions of
Northeastern Mexico;

using a covariance structural analysis as a method for supporting efforts to improve employee motivation; and a method for solving linear algebraic equation sets in FE analysis software.

The focus of Chapter 1 is ” How is it that artists know how to make their
work and yet do not know how to explain it?”

In other words, how do they both simultaneously know and not know?

True solutions to the problems of arid and semiarid zones throughout the
world require a mandatory previous evaluation of the natural resources from the
study areas.

In Chapter 2, the main approach is driven to the structure and functioning of the vegetal ecosystems which intimately involves various interrelated elements such as flora, cattle, and other fauna, taking also into account management and commercialization of wooden and non wooden products.

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Construction Technology Fourth Edition

There are two general aspects to the construction of buildings:
n conventional or traditional methods;

n modern or industrialised methods.

Conventional or traditional methods are studied in the first two years of most
construction courses, with the intention of forming a sound knowledge base
before proceeding to studies of advanced techniques in the final years.

There is, nevertheless, an element of continuity and overlap between traditional and
contemporary, and both are frequently deployed on the same building, e.g.
traditional brick facing to a prefabricated steel-framed commercial building or
to a factory-made timber-framed house.

Initial studies of building construction concentrate on the smaller type of

structure, such as a domestic dwelling of one or two storeys built by labour-
intensive traditional methods. Generally it is more economic to construct this

type of building by these methods, unless large numbers of similar units are
required on the same site. In these circumstances, economies of scale may justify
factory-manufactured, prefabricated elements of structure.

These industrialised methods are usually a rationalised manufacturing process used to produce complete elements, i.e. floors, walls, roof frames, etc.

In modules or standardised dimensional increments of 300 mm.
Very few building contractors in the UK and other developed countries employ
many staff directly.

They are therefore relatively small companies when compared
with the capital value of the work they undertake.

This is partly due to the variable
economic fortunes of the construction industry and the need for flexibility.

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Construction Calculations Manual

Construction Calculations provides the construction, engineering, and project owner community with a single

source guide for many of the formulas and conversion factors that are frequently encountered during the design and construction phase of a project.

The geometry and trigonometry lessons learned years ago sometimes need refreshing. Construction Calculations provides a refresher course on some of the formulas and concepts that tend to crop up from time to time.

A book divided into sections devoted to most of the common components of construction makes it easier

to determine how to achieve a Sound Transmission Coefficient (STC) rating of 50, for example, or how to equate
the amperage capacity of copper and aluminum cable of the same wire size.

A detailed index preceding each section makes it easy to locate the answer to one’s question or at least points
the way to its solution.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (formerly the National Bureau of Standards) was

established by Act of Congress in 1901 to serve as a national scientific laboratory in the physical sciences, and to

provide fundamental measurement standards for science and industry. In carrying out these related functions, the

Institute conducts research and development in many fields of physics, mathematics, chemistry, and engineering.

At the time of its founding, the Institute had custody of two primary standards—the meter bar for length and

the kilogram cylinder for mass. With the phenomenal growth of science and technology over the past century,

the Institute has become a major research institution concerned not only with everyday weights and measures,

but also with hundreds of other scientific and engineering standards that are necessary to the industrial progress

of the nation. Nevertheless, the country still looks to NIST for information on the units of measurement,
particularly their definitions and equivalents.

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Design of Reinforced Concrete : ACI 318-05 Code

With this bestselling book, readers will quickly gain a better understanding of the fundamentals of reinforced concrete design.

The author presents a thorough introduction to the field, covering such areas as theories, ACI Code requirements, and the design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, footings, retaining walls, bearing walls,

prestressed concrete sections, and framework. Numerous examples are also integrated throughout the chapters to help reinforce the principles that are discussed.

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Design of Concrete Structures,14th ed,Nilson

The 14th edition of the classic text, Design of Concrete Structures, is completely revised using the newly released 2008 ACI (American Concrete Institute) Code.

This new edition has the same dual objectives as the previous editions;

first to establish a firm understanding of the behavior of structural concrete, then to develop proficiency in the methods used in current design practice.

Design of Concrete Structures covers the behavior and design aspects of concrete and provides updated examples and homework problems.

New material on slender columns, seismic design, anchorage using headed deformed bars, and reinforcing slabs for shear using headed studs has been added.

The notation has been thouroughly updated to match changes in the ACI Code.

The text also presents the basic mechanics of structural concrete and methods for the design of individual members for bending,

shear, torsion, and axial force, and provides detail in

the various types of structural systems applications, including an extensive presentation of slabs,footings, foundations, and retaining walls.

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Handbook of Engineering Hydrology

Handbook of Engineering Hydrology : Modeling, Climate Change, and Variability…

This comprehensive handbook covers multiple aspects of hydrology and with a new approach.

Other books on the subject deal mostly with classical aspects of hydrology particularly surface and ground water and physical and chemical pollution.

This volume covers management topics including water scarcity, water security, water policy and governance, and more.

It highlights the environmental aspects of hydrology such as environmental river flow, environmental nanotechnology, phyto-remediation, and constructed wetlands.

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