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Principles of Structural Design Wood Steel and Concrete

Buildings and other structures are classified based on the risk associated with unacceptable performance of the structure, according to Table 1.1.

The risk categories range from I to IV, where category I represents buildings and other structures that pose no danger to human life in the event of failure and category IV represents all essential facilities.

Each structure is assigned the highest applicable risk category.

Assignment of more than one risk category to the same structure based on use and loading conditions is permitted.

To safeguard public safety and welfare, towns and cities across the United States follow certain
codes for design and construction of buildings and other structures.

Until recently, towns and cities modeled their codes based on the following three regional codes, which are normally revised at 3-year intervals:

1. The Building Officials and Code Administrators National Building Code
2. The Uniform Building Code
3. The Standard Building Code

The book is appropriate for an academic program in architecture, construction management,
general engineering, and civil engineering, where the curriculum provides for a joint coursework in wood, steel, and concrete design.

The book has four sections, expanded into 17 chapters. Section I, comprising Chapters 1
through 5, enables students to determine the various types and magnitude of loads that will be acting on any structural element and the combination(s) of those loads that will control the design.

ASCE 7-10 has made major revisions to the provisions for wind loads. In Section I, the philosophy of the load and resistance factor design and the unified approach to design are explained.

Wood design in Section II from Chapters 6 through 8 covers sawn lumber, glued laminated
timber, and structural composite or veneer lumber, which are finding increased application in wood structures.

The NDS 2012 has modified the format conversion factors and has also introduced some
new modification factors.

First, the strength capacities in accordance with the NDS 2012 for tensile, compression, and bending members are discussed and the basic designs of these members are performed.

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Steel Design 5th Edition

Steel Design, Fifth Edition covers the fundamentals of structural steel design for buildings.

This book is intended for junior-and senior-level engineering students, although some of the later chapters can be used in a combination undergraduate/graduate course.

Practicing civil engineers who need a review of current practice and the

current AISC Specification and Manual will find the book useful as a reference.

Students should have a background in mechanics of materials and analysis of statically determinate structures.

Knowledge of statically indeterminate structural analysis is not a prerequisite for the use of this book.

Structural design is a complex endeavor, involving the synthesis of many processes.

This book does not cover the integrated design of buildings, but presents some of the “building blocks” for structural steel design.

We focus on the analysis and design of individual members and connections, rather than complete structures.

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Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

This book has the following objectives:
1. T o explain the fundamentals of the subject from theory to practice in a logical way
2. T o be comprehensive an d mee t th e requirements o f undergraduate students
3. T o serve as a foundation course for graduate students pursuing advanced knowledge in the subject

There are 21 chapters i n this book. The first chapter trace s the historical background o f the
subject and the second deals with the formation and mineralogical composition o f soils.

Chapter 3 covers th e inde x properties an d classification of soil. Chapters 4 and 5 explain soi l permeability , seepage, an d th e effec t o f water on stress conditions in soil .

Stresses developed in soil due to imposed surface loads , compressibility and consolidation characteristics , and shear strength characteristics o f soil are dealt with in Chapters 6,7 , and 8 respectively. The first eight chapters develop the necessary tools for computing compressibility an d strength characteristics o f soils.

Chapter 9 deals with methods for obtainig soil samples in the field for laboratory tests and for constructed on an outcrop of sound rock, no foundation is required. Hence, in contrast to the
building itself which satisfies specific needs, appeals to the aesthetic sense, and fills its
matters with pride, the foundations merely serve as a remedy for the deficiencies of whatever
whimsical nature has provided for the support of the structure at the site which has been
selected. On account of the fact that there is no glory attached to the foundations, and that
the sources of success or failures are hidden deep in the ground, building foundations have
always been treated as step children; and their acts of revenge for the lack of attention can be
very embarrassing.
The comments made by Terzaghi are very significan t an d shoul d b e take n not e o f by all
practicing Architects an d Engineers. Architects or Engineers who do not wish to make use of the growing knowledge of foundation design are not rendering true service t o their profession. Since substructures are as important as superstructures, persons wh o are well qualified in

the design ofsubstructures should always be consulted an d the old proverb tha t a ‘stitc h i n time save s nine ‘ should always be kept in mind.

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Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

The aim of this book is to serve as an introduction to and an overview of the latest structural earthquake engineering. The book deals with aspects of geology, engineering seismology and geotechnical engineering that are of service to the earthquake structural engineering educator, practitioner and researcher. It frames earthquake structural engineering within a framework of balance between ‘ Demand ’ and ‘ Supply ’ (requirements imposed on the system versus its available capacity for action and deformation
resistance).

In a system – integrated framework, referred to as ‘ From Source – to – Society ’ , where ‘ Source ’ describes the focal mechanisms of earthquakes, and ‘ Society ’ describes the compendium of effects on complex societal systems, this book presents information pertinent to the evaluation of actions and deformations imposed by earthquakes on structural systems. It is therefore a ‘ Source – to – Structure ’ text.

Practising engineers with long and relatively modern experience in earthquake – resistant design in high – seismicity regions will fi nd the book on the whole easy to read and rather basic. They may however appreciate the presentation of fundamental response parameters and may fi nd their connection to the structural and societal limit states refreshing and insightful. They may also benefi t from the modelling notes of Chapter 4 , since use is made of concepts of fi nite element representation in a specifi cally earthquake engineering context. Many experienced structural earthquake engineering practitioners will fi nd Chapter 3 on input motion useful and practical. The chapter will aid them in selection of appropriate aracterization of ground shaking. The book as a whole, especially Chapters 3 and 4 is highly recommended for practising engineers with limited or no experience in earthquake engineering.

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Steel Structures Design and Practice

Structural design emphasizes that the elements of a structure are to be proportioned
and joined together in such a way that they will be able to withstand all the loads
(load effects) that are likely to act on it during its service life, without excessive
deformation or collapse.

Structural design is often considered as an art as well as
a science. It must balance theoretical analysis with practical considerations, such
as the degree of certainty of loads and forces, the actual behaviour of the structure
as distinguished from the idealized analytical and design model, the actual behaviour
of the material compared to the assumed elastic behaviour, and the actual properties
of materials used compared to the assumed ones.

Steel is one of the major construction materials used all over the world. It has
many advantages over other competing materials, such as high strength to weight
ratio, high ductility (hence its suitability for earthquake-resistant structures), and
uniformity. It is also agreen material in the sense that it is fully recyclable. Presently,
several grades and shapes of steel products exist.

Structural designers need to have a sound knowledge of structural steel behaviour,
including the material behaviour of steel, and the structural behaviour of individual
elements and of the complete structure. Unless structural engineers are abreast of
the recent developments and understand the relationships between the structural
behaviour and the design criteria implied by the rules of the design codes, they will
be following the coda1 rules rigidly and blindly and may even apply them incorrectly
in situations beyond their scope.

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Crane Supporting Steel Structure Design Guide

This guide fills a long-standing need for technical information for the design and construction of crane-supporting steel structures that is compatible with Canadian codes and standards written in Limit States format.

It is intended to be used in conjunction with the National Building Code of Canada, 2005 (NBCC 2005), and CSAStandard S16-01, Limit States Design of Steel Structures (S16-01). Previous editions of these documents have not covered many loading and design issues of crane-supporting steel structures in sufficient detail.

Whilemany references are available as given herein, they do not cover loads and load combinations for limit states design nor are they well correlated to the class of cranes being supported. Classes of cranes are defined in CSA

Standard B167 or in specifications of the Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA).

This guide provides information on how to apply the current Canadian Codes and Standards to aspects of design of crane-supporting structures such as loads, load combinations, repeated loads, notional loads, monosymmetrical sections, analysis for torsion, stepped columns, and distortion induced fatigue.

The purpose of this design guide is twofold:

1. To provide the owner and the designer with a practical set of guidelines, design aids, and references that can be applied when designing or assessing the condition of crane-supporting steel structures.

2. To provide examples of design of key components of crane-supporting structures in accordance with:

(a) loads and load combinations that have proven to be reliable and are generally accepted by the industry,

(b) the recommendations contained herein, including NBCC 2005 limit states load combinations,

(d) duty cycle analysis.

The scope of this design guide includes crane-supporting steel structures regardless of the type of crane.

Theinteraction of the crane and its supporting structure is addressed. The design of the crane itself, including jib cranes, gantry cranes, ore bridges, and the like, is beyond the scope of this Guide and is covered by specifications such as those published by the CMAA.

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Elastic Beam Calculations Handbook

As a comprehensive analytic treatment on elastic beam problems, with balanced
emphasis on both the theoretical and the practical, this book is a vastly expanded
version of the author’s Goldenbrook’s Little Red Book (2004) both in spirit and in style
and with the same approach I call open-mindedness.

The previous book was writtenprimarily for students.

The prevailing trend in education advocates critical thinking

and promotes continuing education, as exemplified by the requirements for Profes-
sional Engineer licensing.

Therefore, this book is intended for students and their teachers, as well as all structural engineers and applied mathematics professionals.

This book uses innovative analytic approaches that combine tactful applications of
mathematics with structural engineering, thereby helping the reader gain insight into
the physical implications of the formulae presented.

This means that an effective analytic treatment of the elastic beams will shed light on how the numerical work can best be planned and executed with clarity and optimal results, as well as a
minimum of time, effort, and cost.

The writing philosophy of this book leads to a presentation at once both simple
and logical, so that many important and interesting problems can be solved as
corollaries of a general theorem.

In this way, the reader will be able to see not only the trees but also the forest; this “big picture” approach is intended to be both enjoyable and inspirational.

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Basic Structures for Engineers and Architects

The structure of a building (or other object) is the part which is responsible
for maintaining the shape of the building under the infl uence of the
forces, loads and other environmental factors to which it is subjected.

It is important that the structure as a whole (or any part of it) does not fall
down, break or deform to an unacceptable degree when subjected to such
forces or loads.

The study of structures involves the analysis of the forces and stresses
occurring within a structure and the design of suitable components to
cater for such forces and stresses.

As an analogy, consider the human body. Your body comprises a skeleton
of 206 bones which constitutes the structure of your body.

If any of those bones were to break, or if any of the joints between those bones were
to disconnect or seize up, your injured body would ‘fail’ structurally (and
cause you a great deal of pain!).

If you are a student studying a module called Structures, Structural Mechanics
or similar, the chapter headings in this book will tie in – more or
less – with the lecture topics presented by your lecturer or tutor.

I suggest you read each chapter of this book soon after the relevant lecture or class
to reinforce your knowledge and skills in the topic concerned.

I advise all readers to have a pen and paper beside them to jot down notes as they go
through the book – particularly the numerical examples.

In my experience,this greatly aids understanding.

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Hydraulic Structures

The major function of a hydraulic project (i.e., water project) is to alter the natural

behavior of a water body (river, lake, sea, groundwater) by concentrating its flow fall.

It is intended for purposeful use for the benefits of national economy and to protect

the environment, including electric power generation, flood control, water supply,

silt mitigation, navigation, irrigation and draining, fish handling and farming,

ecologic protection, and recreation.

It is common that a number of hydraulic structures (i.e., hydraulic works) of general

or special purposes are constructed to form a single or integrated hydraulic project to

comprehensively serve foregoing purposes.

Such a project is known as the water resources project or hydropower project in China,

and the latter is primarily for electric power generation in addition to other possible benefits.

The general-purpose and special-purpose hydraulic structures which are parts of a hydraulic project can be further divided into main, auxiliary, and temporary structures.

As a result the successful management of a civil engineering project depends upon use

of an appropriate contract for construction; the judgements of the civil engineer in charge

and his team of engineering advisers; the need to arrange for supervision of the work of construction as it proceeds, and on the competence of the contractor engaged to build

the works and his engineers and tradesmen.

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Structural and Stress Analysis Theories, tutorials and examples

Any material or structure may fail when it is loaded. The successful design of a structure requires detailed structural and stress analysis in order to assess whether or not it can safely support the required loads.

Figure 1.1 shows how a structure behaves under applied loads.

To prevent structural failure, a typical design must consider the following three major aspects:

1 Strength – The structure must be strong enough to carry the applied loads.
2 Stiffness – The structure must be stiff enough such that only allowable deformation occurs.
3 Stability – The structure must not collapse through buckling subjected to the applied compressive loads.

The subject of structural and stress analysis provides analytical, numerical and experimental
methods for determining the strength, stiffness and stability of load-carrying structural members.

This book is not intended to be an additional textbook of structural and stress analysis for
students who have already been offered many excellent textbooks which are available on the
market.

Instead of going through rigorous coverage of the mathematics and theories, this
book summarizes major concepts and important points that should be fully understood before
students claim that they have successfully completed the subject.

One of the main features of this book is that it aims at helping students to understand the subject through asking and answering conceptual questions, in addition to solving problems based on applying the derived formulas.

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