Bitumen Emulsion for Soil Stabilization Presentation

Bitumen Emulsion for Soil Stabilization Presentation

 

What is stabilization?

  • Stabilisation is the process of improving the engineering properties of the soil before construction.
  • Stabilisation is done to improve the CBR of the soil to be used for a specific construction purpose.

     

  • This can be done using various additives including Portland cement, fly ash, lime, bitumen etc.

     

  • These chemicals impart higher bond strength by providing cohesion between the soil particles.

 

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Beam Analysis Spreadsheet

Beam Analysis Spreadsheet

 

Beam Analysis is a spreadsheet template for calculatin Shear, Bending Moment ans Deflection along member lengths acting as beams and subjected to vertical loads and moments. Information for up to 500 beams can be stored, retrieved, amended and used for manual or auto analysis as and when required

 

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Drilling Design Spreadsheets

Drilling Design Spreadsheets

 

Content:

  • AIR_DRIL Annular pressures at depth with air/mud ratios and mud circulation rates.
  • API_CAS Casing design in the “API” manner with dogleg and salt loads.
  • BHA_DP BHA design: jar triggering load, mechanical properties, tapered BHA, wall forces, torsional damping, spinning torque, torsional buckling, rotational drag buckling, critical buckling loads, weight on bit in inclined holes, critical rotary speeds, fatigue of drill pipe.
  • CAS_BUCK Stability (buckling and wellhead loads) of casing after cementing.
  • CMT_PLAN Primary and squeeze planning with hole enlargements.
  • CMT_SPAC Pumping rates for cement spacers to prevent settling.
  • DIR_PLAN Plans “S”, slant, and double build type of holes. Transposes TVD to MD and MD to TVD, Dogleg severity.
  • DP_FATIG Maximum allowable dogleg severity of holes for drill pipe fatigue.
  • DRL_PIPE Selects drill pipe for tension, collapse, torsion, bending of body and joint. Combinations and tapered strings.
  • DRL_TORQ Allowable torque based on tooljoint and body strengths.
  • DS_WOB Drill string as weight on bit.
  • HOR_PLAN Plans horizontal holes with a tangent section.
  • HOR_TURN Plans horizontal turns in horizontal holes.
  • KICK_REM Kick removal: surface pressures, kick volumes, mud weight, pumping volumes, mud pit gains, shoe pressures, driller’s method.
  • LEAD_TAR Computes coordinates and azimuths along lead arc for directional holes.
  • MUD_MIX New mud mixing, optimal solids, mud consumption, additions, barite, water, bentonite, oil, etc.
  • POW_LAW Pressure losses, AV, Regimes, n, k, with the iterative power law model.
  • RIG_MATH Fits equations to data with least squares. Confidence lines.
  • SURGE Surge and swab while running and pulling pipe.
  • SURVEY_l Directional survey computations, circular interpolation between survey stations, 3d distance between holes, tie point.
  • TFA_HYD Optimal rig hydraulics with motors, PDC, MWD, and Jets.
  • TUB_MOV Tubing design: movement and stress for one weight and grade.
  • TUB_MOV5 Tubing desing: movement and stress for five weights or grades.
  • TUB_STRE Strengths of API pipe: tensile, collapse under load, burst, body, and APIjoints in bending.
  • VER_TURN Plans new track after two vertical turns in horizontal holes.
  • CAS_DES Design the casing by graphical solution, it including pressure test and biaxial checks.

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Types of Dams, advantages, disadvantages and classification

Types of Dams, advantages, disadvantages and classification

 

What is a Dam?

A dam is a structure built across a stream, river or estuary to retain water. Dams are made from a variety of materials such as rock, steel and wood.

 

Structure of Dams:

Fig 1 : Structure of Dams

 

Definitions:

  • Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side
  • Toe: contact on the downstream side
  • Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest.
  • Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking operations.
  • Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water of the reservoir to downstream side
  • Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to
    clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir side.

 

Advantages of Dams:

 

  • Dams gather drinking water for people -> Water Supply
  • Dams help farmers bring water to their farms -> Irrigation
  • Dams help create power and electricity from water -> Hydroelectric
  • Dams keep areas from flooding -> Flood Control
  • Dams create lakes for people to swim in and sail on -> Recreation & Navigation

 

Disadvantages of Dam

 

  • Dams detract from natural settings, ruin nature’s work
  • Dams have inundated the spawning grounds of fish
  • Dams have inhibited the seasonal migration of fish
  • Dams have endangered some species of fish
  • Dams may have inundated the potential for archaeological findings
  • Reservoirs can foster diseases if not properly maintained
  • Reservoir water can evaporate significantly
  • Some researchers believe that reservoirs can cause earthquakes.

 

Classification of Dams

Classification based on function

  • Storage Dam
  • Detention Dam
  • Diversion Dam
  • Coffer Dam
  • Debris Dam

Classification based on hydraulic design

  • Overflow Dam/Overfall Dam
  • Non-Overflow Dam

Classification based on material of construction

  • Rigid Dam
  • Non Rigid Dam

Classification based on structural behavior

  • Gravity Dam
  • Arch Dam
  • Buttress Dam
  • Embankment Dam
  • Rock-fill dam

 

1 – Gravity dams

Gravity dams are dams which resist the horizontal thrust of the water entirely by their own weight.
Concrete gravity dams are typically used to block streams through narrow gorges.
Material of Construction:
Concrete, Rubber Masonry

Fig 2 : Example of Gravity Dam Design

Fig 3 : The Grande Dixence Dam in 2004, facing west and Mont Blava (Source Wikipidea)

2- Arch Dam

An arch dam is a curved dam which is dependent upon arch action for its strength.
Arch dams are thinner and therefore require less material than any other type of dam.
Arch dams are good for sites that are narrow and have strong abutments.

Fig 4 : Jinping-I Dam also known as the Jinping-I Hydropower Station or Jinping 1st Cascade

Fig 5 : Typical vertical elements of Arch dams

 

3- Buttress Dam

Buttress dams are dams in which the face is held up by a series of supports.
Buttress dams can take many forms – the face may be flat or curved.
Material of Construction: Concrete, Timber, Steel

Fig 6 : Design of buttress Dam

Fig 7 : Roselend Dam in France

Read more about butress dams

4- Embankment Dam

Embankment dams are massive dams made of earth or rock.
They rely on their weight to resist the flow of water.
Material of Construction: Earth, Rock

Fig 8: Embankment Dam Design

Fig 9 : Cross-sectional view of a typical earthen embankment dam

 

 

5- Rock-fill dam

These types of dams are made out of rocks and gravel and constructed so that water cannot leak from the upper stream side and through the middle of the structure. It is best suited in the area where rocks are around.

 

Fig 10 : Mohale Dam, Lesotho: highest concrete-face rock-fill dam in Africa

 

 

 

 

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