Axially Loaded Pile analysis Tool Spreadsheet
What Is Anchor Block Slope Stabilisation?
What Is Anchor Block Slope Stabilisation?
Anchor block slope stabilization is a technique that stabilizes slopes or existing retaining walls using anchored reaction blocks. The block layout pattern is typically in rows across the slope or wall. The finished anchored reaction blocks resist the movement of the retained soil or wall.
Anchors are slope stabilization and support elements that transfer tension loads using high-strength steel bars or steel strand tendons. Micropile Slide Stabilization System (MS³) is a slope stability technique that utilizes an array of micropiles sometimes in combination with anchors. The micropiles act in tension and compression to effectively create an integral, stabilized ground reinforcement system to resist sliding forces in the slope.
Advantages
- Cost-saving solution for landslide repair and slope stability control
- Can be designed for permanent or temporary support
- Crane-mounted equipment can reach even the most difficult access slopes
Prestressed Girder Design and Calculation Spreadsheet
Pile Group Analysis For Rigid Pile Cap Spreadsheet
Pile Group Analysis For Rigid Pile Cap Spreadsheet
“Pile Group Analysis For Rigid Pile Cap” is a spreadsheet program written in MS-Excel for the purpose of analysis of pile groups with rigid caps using the “elastic method”.
Specifically, the properties of the pile group are calculated, and then based upon the applied vertical and horizontal loadings, the vertical and horizontal pile reactions are calculated.
There is also a worksheet to check beam and punching shear in the pile cap for a single corner pile, for the purpose of estimating the required pile cap thickness and subsequent pile cap weight.
This workbook has some concrete design in them, based on the ACI 318-99 Code in their original form. To reflect the use of the ACI 318-05, I decided to give the user the option of selecting what ACI Code is desired to be used, 318-99, 318-02, or 318-05, in those specific worksheets.
Once the user selects the desired ACI Code, the appropriate “phi” factors are displayed and used. One word of caution, be careful not to mix & match “phi” factors and load factors from the various concrete codes. It’s obviously up to the user to be consistent.
For the purpose of just what specific concrete analysis and design is done in this workbook, the selection of either ACI 318-02 or 318-05 gives the same results.
This program is a workbook consisting of ten (10) worksheets, described as follows:
- Doc – Documentation sheet
- Piles (<=25) – Pile group analysis for up to 25 total piles and 4 piers/loadings
- Piles (<=25)(metric) – Pile group analysis for up to 25 total piles and 4 piers/loadings (metric)
- Piles (<=75) – Pile group analysis for up to 75 total piles and 8 piers/loadings
- Piles (<=75)(metric) – Pile group analysis for up to 75 total piles and 8 piers/loadings (metric)
- Piles (<=300) – Pile group analysis for up to 300 total piles and 17 piers/loadings
- Piles (<=300)(metric) – Pile group analysis for up to 300 total piles and 17 piers/loadings (metric)
- Piles (<=400) – Pile group analysis for up to 400 total piles and 23 piers/loadings
- Piles (<=400)(metric) – Pile group analysis for up to 400 total piles and 23 piers/loadings (metric)
- Corner Pile Shear – Beam and punching shear checks for pile cap for single corner pile
Program Assumptions and Limitations:
1. The Pile Group worksheets assume a minimum of 2 piles and a maximum of either 25, 75, 300, or 400 piles for a pile group.
2. This program uses the “elastic method” of analysis, assuming that the pile cap is in fact “rigid”, so that the applied loads are linearly distributed among the piles. A common “rule-of-thumb” is to assume a pile cap thickness equal to least 1/10 of the longest dimension (length or width) of the pile cap. All piles are assumed to be vertical, and of equal size and length (stiffness). Battered piles are NOT permitted. The tops of all piles are assumed at the same level.
3. This program assumes an orthogonal X-Y-Z coordinate system. All piles and piers MUST BE located in the “positive” (1st) quadrant. “Negative” pile or pier/loading location coordinates are NOT permitted. “Right-Hand-Rule” sign convention is used for all applied forces and moments at pier locations.
4. The piles and piers/loadings can be numbered in any desired order. However, the user should make sure to either clear the contents of all spreadsheet cells that are not used for input or those cell values should be input = 0. All piles and piers/loadings MUST BE input in proper numerical sequence with no “breaks” in the numerical order of input data.
5. This program does NOT include the weight of the pile cap or piers in the calculation of the vertical pile reactions. However, the total weight of the pile cap and piers may be included by assuming an additional “ficticious” pier located at the centroid of the pile cap plan area, and applying the total weight at that “pier” location.
6. This program does NOT check the actual calculated pile reactions (vertical and horizontal) against known or given allowable pile reactions for downward, uplift, or lateral cases. This is done so that the extent of any acceptable overstress is left up to the judgement of the user. However, in all cases this must be checked by the user.
7. This program does NOT perform all of the necessary checks for the beam-type shear or punching shear for the pile cap, as this must be done independently by the user. However the “Corner Pile Shear” worksheet can be used to estimate the required pile cap thickness and subsequently the pile cap weight to be accounted for.
8. This program does NOT check the flexural requirements of the pile cap, as this must be done independently by the user.
9. This program contains numerous “comment boxes” which contain a wide variety of information including explanations of input or output items, equations used, data tables, etc. (Note: presence of a “comment box” is denoted by a “red triangle” in the upper right-hand corner of a cell. Merely move the mouse pointer to the desired cell to view the contents of that particular “comment box”.)
Calculation Reference
ACI Manual
Beam And Punching Shear Checks For Pile Cap Spreadsheet
Plane Truss Calculation Spreadsheet
Calculator For Assessment of Coldformed Steel Structures Spreadsheet
Slab Design and Calculation Spreadsheet
The Common Types of Plastering
Table of Contents
The Common Types of Plastering
Introduction
Plastering is the process of covering the walls with plaster. The main purpose of doing plastering is to provide a smooth finishing surface and for avoiding deterioration of the walls.
Plaster is a plastic material that is a mixture of cement, sand with water. A good plaster should not show any volume change after drying and should not develop cracks. It also helps in making the structure weather resistant and durable. Plastering can be done on external as well as internal walls.
The choice of ratio of cement mortar for plastering can be chosen on the basis of requirement. In this article, we will discuss the various types of plastering in a building.
Types of Plastering
There are different types of plastering used in construction:
- Cement plastering
- Lime plastering
- Mud plastering
- Stucco plastering
- Gypsum plastering
1. Cement plastering
Cement plastering is a type of plastering consisting of a mixture of portland cement, sand and water in appropriate proportion. The minimum thickness of cement plaster should be 10 mm. For brick walls, thickness plastering is between 15 mm to 20 mm.
Also, Plastering is applicable for both internal and external walls. Cement plastering is mostly suitable for damp conditions. It acts as a protective layer and avoids corrosion. For RCC surfaces, 1:3 or 1:4 cement plaster is applicable. For external walls 1:5 or 1:8 cement plaster is applicable. After plastering, to avoid the developing of cracks, curing is done.
2. Lime plastering
Lime plaster consists of lime, sand and water. Since it consists of lime it is called lime plaster. Non-hydraulic hydrated lime is used in Lime plastering. It is one of the oldest plastering methods. When comparing with cement plaster, lime plaster has low binding capacity and delay in setting. The ratio of lime and sand for this plaster is 1:3 to 1:4.
3. Mud plastering
Mud plastering is one of the cheapest types of plastering. Another name of mud plaster is earthen plaster. Before plastering, eliminate dust and scrap the surface for making it rough. Generally, mud plastering is done in two coats. The thickness of the first coat is 18 mm and that of the second coat should be 6 to 7 mm. This plastering is less toxic and eco-friendly.
4. Stucco plastering
Stucco plastering is a type of plastering that gives an aesthetic appearance. It consists of aggregates, binders and water. It is applicable for both internal and external walls. There are two types of stucco plaster, Modern and traditional plaster. Usually, three coats of stucco plastering are applied they are scratch coat, fine coat and finishing coat. The thickness of stucco plaster should be 25 mm.
5. Gypsum plastering
Gypsum plastering is a type of plastering where gypsum replaces with cement. This plastering provides good finishing for the surface. Gypsum is a binding material. The thickness of gypsum plastering can be 6 to 20 mm. An important characteristic of gypsum is they do not shrink during drying. Hence we can avoid the development of cracks. Gypsum plaster does not need curing. Also, it is white in colour, So it gives a good aesthetic appearance.
What are Deep Foundation? The Common Types of Deep Foundation
Table of Contents
What are Deep Foundation? The Common Types of Deep Foundation
1. What are Deep Foundations?
A deep foundation is needed to carry loads at depth or for functional reasons from a structure through weak compressible soils or fills on to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks.
Deep foundations under the finished ground surface are founded too deeply for their base bearing ability to be affected by surface conditions, generally at depths > 3 m below the finished ground level.
When unsuitable soils are present near the surface, the deep foundation may be used to transfer the load to a deeper, more capable strata at depth.
2. Types of Deep Foundation
The types of deep foundations in general use are as follows:
- Basements
- Buoyancy rafts (hollow box foundations)
- Caissons
- Cylinders
- Shaft foundations
- Pile foundations
a. Basement foundation
They are hollow substructures built to provide space below ground level for the work or storage. The structural design is driven by its practical needs rather than by considerations of the most effective method of resisting external earth and hydrostatic pressures. In open excavations, they are set up in place.
b.Buoyancy Rafts (Hollow Box Foundations)
Buoyancy rafts or hollow box foundations also known as the floating foundations is a type of deep foundation is used in building construction on soft and weak soils.
They are designed to provide a buoyant or semi-buoyant substructure underneath which reduces net loading to the desired low intensity on the soil. Buoyancy rafts can be constructed to be sunk as caissons, and can also be installed in open excavations.
Buoyancy rafts are more expensive than traditional forms of foundations. For that reason, their use is usually restricted to sites that are on silts, soft sands and other alluvial deposits that are very deep, or where loads can be kept concentric. Schemes requiring underground tanks or where it’s economical to incorporate deep basements into the design are common.
c. Caissons Foundations
A caisson is a sort of foundation of the state of the hollow prismatic box, which is worked over the ground level and afterward sunk to the necessary depth as a solitary unit. It is a watertight chamber utilized for establishing foundations submerged as in rivers, lakes, harbors, etc. The caissons are of three types:
- Open Caissons: Open caissons are of hollow chambers, open both at the top and the bottom. The lower part of the caisson has a bleeding edge. The caisson is sunk into place by eliminating the soil from within the shaft until the bearing layer is reached. Well foundations are special type of open caissons used in India.
- Pneumatic Caissons: Pneumatic caissons are closed at the top but open at the bottom. A pneumatic caisson has a working camber at its bottom in which compressed air is maintained at the required pressure to prevent entry of water into the chamber. So, these type of excavations are done in dry.
- Floating Caissons: Floating caissons are open at the top but closed at the bottom. These caissons are developed ashore and afterward shipped to the site and floated to where these are to be finally installed. These are sunk at that spot by filling them with sand, ballast, water or concrete to an evened out bearing surface.
d. Cylinders
These foundations are placed when there is required to place only a single cylindrical unit.
e. Drilled Shaft foundations
These foundations are constructed by drilling a cylindrical hole within a deep excavation and subsequently placing concrete or another prefabricated load-bearing unit in it.
Their length and size can be easily tailored. Drilled shafts can be constructed near existing structures and under low overhead conditions, making them suitable for use in numerous seismic retrofit projects.
It may, however, be difficult to install them under certain conditions such as soils with boulders, soft soil, loose sand, and sand under water.
e. Pile foundations
Pile foundations are relatively long and slender members designed by driving preformed units to the desired foundation level, or by driving or drilling in tubes to the appropriate depth – tubes filled with concrete before or during withdrawal or by drilling unlined or wholly or partially lined boreholes filled with concrete after that.
