AISC 13th EDITION MEMBER DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES VIEWER
Terzaghi’s one-dimensional consolidation equation simulates the visco-elastic behaviour of soils depending on the loads applied as it happens, for example, when foundation are laid and start carrying the weight of the structure.
Its application is traditionally based on Taylor’s solution that approximates experimental results by introducing non-theoretical variables that, however, contradict the actual behaviou of soils. After careful examination of the theoretical and experimental aspects connected with consolidation, the proposal of this research is a solution consisting in a non-linear equation that can be considered correct as it meets both mathematical and experimental requirements.
The solution proposed is extended to include differential equations relating to two/three dimensional consolidation by adopting a transversally isotropic model more consistent with the inner structure of soils.
Finally, this essay is complete with application examples that give more reliable results than the traditional solution. Future developments are also highlighted considering that the uniqueness theorem has not been proven yet.
Terzaghi’s one-dimensional consolidation equation simulates the visco-elastic behaviour of soils depending on the loads applied as it happens, for example, when foundation are laid and start carrying the weight of the structure.
Its application is traditionally based on Taylor’s solution that approximates experimental results by introducing non-theoretical variables that, however, contradict the actual behaviou of soils. After careful examination of the theoretical and experimental aspects connected with consolidation, the proposal of this research is a solution consisting in a non-linear equation that can be considered correct as it meets both mathematical and experimental requirements.
The solution proposed is extended to include differential equations relating to two/three dimensional consolidation by adopting a transversally isotropic model more consistent with the inner structure of soils.
Finally, this essay is complete with application examples that give more reliable results than the traditional solution. Future developments are also highlighted considering that the uniqueness theorem has not been proven yet.
Simulation of the Morandi bridge collapsed in Genoa, Italy, in 2018, performed with the Bullet Constraints Builder (BCB) structural simulation software for Blender. The model was built from plans true to scale. Reinforcement information was estimated in part from photos of the destroyed bridge. In order to narrow down the likely collapse scenario this video includes simulation results for different initial failure points. The characteristics of the debris heaps in comparison to reality often can provide an indication on what has probably happened.
The precast prestressed concrete units are erected first and can be used to support the formwork needed for the cast in situ slab without additional scaffolding (or shoring).
In addition to its contribution to the strength and stiffness of the composite member, the cast in situ slab provides an effective means to distribute loads in the lateral direction.
The cast in situ slab can be poured continuously over the supports of precast units placed in series, thus providing continuity to a simple span system.Pre-tensioning in plant is more cost-effective than post-tensioning on site.
Because the precast 4 prestressed concrete element is factory-produced and contains the bulk of reinforcement, rigorous quality control and higher mechanical properties can be achieved at relatively low cost. The cast in situ concrete slab does not need to have high mechanical properties and thus is suitable to field conditions.
PMP stands for “Project Management Professional” and is awarded by the Project Management Institute (PMI), USA.
On the other hand, PRINCE2 Projects In Control Environment certification is provided by a training institute which is affiliated with any of the five examined institutes certified by AXELOS.
Differences between PRINCE2 and the PMP
Before you start reading the differences between these two prestigious certifications, please bear in mind that the objective of both certifications is to equip you with enough knowledge and technique so you can complete projects successfully, though the approach is a little different.
Fundamental Difference
The basic difference between the PRINCE2 and PMP is that PRINCE2 provides you with a methodology. It tells you how to proceed and complete the project. To help you achieve your objectives, it also provides you with templates that you can use or modify according to your requirements.
Conversely, the PMP provides you with a framework for project management. It educates you about the tools and techniques used in every situation and leaves the decision up you to select the best option.
Acceptance
Both certifications are equally reputed and globally accepted.
However, in terms of preference, PRINCE2 is more well-known in the UK, Australia, and Europe.
On the other hand, the PMP certification is more well-known in the US, Canada, the Middle East, and Asia.
Eligibility Requirements
The eligibility requirements for PMP and PRINCE2 are different.
PRINCE2 has three qualification levels and for each level, the eligibility requirements are different.
The first level is PRINCE2 Foundation. Anyone can acquire this qualification, and no experience or education prerequisites are required for this qualification.
The second level is PRINCE2 Practitioner. To apply for the PRINCE2 Practitioner exam you must have passed any of the AXELOS approved certification exams, for example, PRINCE2 Foundation, CAPM, PMP, etc.
The third level is PRINCE2 Re-Registration. To maintain your PRINCE2 Practitioner qualification, you must pass the Re-Registration exam within 3 to 5 years of passing the PRINCE2 Practitioner exam.
Applicability
Though PRINCE2 was initially adopted by IT industries, it was later updated to be universally accepted.
As of now, the principles of PRINCE2 are universal in nature so you can apply them to a project of any size or kind. It does not matter whether it is small or large, or whether it is a construction project, IT project, or a product development project.
Likewise, the PMP framework can also be applied to all industries and all kinds of projects.
The skills earned by obtaining any of these certifications are transferable to all industries.
Qualification Level
As discussed above, PRINCE2 has three qualification levels:
PRINCE2 Foundation
This is the basic level qualification from PRINCE2. Here you can learn the basics of the PRINCE2 methodology and terminology.
To get this certification, you will have to pass a closed book exam. The exam consists of 75 multiple choice questions. The duration is 60 minutes and you must get 50% to pass the exam.
This qualification does not expire; it will be valid forever.
PRINCE2 Practitioner
If you are an experienced project manager and are managing projects in a PRINCE2 environment, you can try to obtain your PRINCE2 Practitioner qualification.
This qualification will give you an in-depth understanding of the relationships between the PRINCE2 elements, principles, themes, etc.
To apply for the PRINCE2 Practitioner exam you must have passed any of the certifications listed below:
You can apply for this qualification if you are a project manager, program manager, project management consultant, project team member, etc.
This is an open book exam and you can use the official PRINCE2 manual. The exam consists of 80 multiple choice questions. The duration of the exam is two and half hours and you must get at least 55% to pass it.
This qualification is valid for 5 years. To renew your qualification, you will have to pass another exam called “PRINCE2 Re-Registration” within 3 to 5 years.
PRINCE2 Re-Registration
In order to maintain your PRINCE2 Practitioner qualification, you must pass the Re-Registration exam within 3 to 5 years of passing the PRINCE2 Practitioner exam.
Failing to do so will withdraw your PRINCE2 Practitioner status.
The PRINCE2 Re-Registration exam is also an open book exam where you can use the official PRINCE2 manual. The exam consists of 30 questions. The duration is one hour and you must get 17 questions correct or 55% to pass the exam.
Now we come to the PMP certification.
There are no qualification levels in the PMP exam. There is only one PMP, although the PMI offers many other certification courses which are different than the PMP exam.
Eligibility
The eligibility requirements for the PRINCE2 were already discussed above.
The three eligibility requirements for the PMP exam are as follows:
Education
You should be either a bachelor’s degree holder (or global equivalent), or a secondary degree holder (high school diploma, associate’s degree or global equivalent). The degree or diploma can be in any discipline.
Experience
If you are degree holder, you should have at least 4,500 hours (about 3 years) of experience leading and directing projects, and if you are a diploma holder, you should have 7,500 hours (about 5 years) of experience.
Training
You must attend 35 contact hours of formal project management training. This training can be obtained from either a PMI Registered Education Provider (R.E.P) or non REPs.
Examination
The PRINCE2 exam is conducted by training centers affiliated with any Examinee Institute. The exam details for the PRINCE2 exam are provided above.
The PMP exam is conducted by Prometric Centers. The exam consists of 200 multiple choice questions, and the duration is 4 hours. The passing mark for the PMP exam is unknown though it is widely believed to be around 70%.
The cost of the PRINCE2 exam is not fixed; it varies according to the institute and the country. The fee for the PMP exam is fixed because there is only one center that conducts the exam and you pay money directly to the PMI.
Validity and Renewal
The PRINCE2 Foundation certification is valid for 5 years. The PRINCE2 Practitioner qualification is valid for 5 years, and to renew it you will have to pass another exam called “PRINCE2 Re-Registration” within 3 to 5 years.
The PMP Certification is also valid for 3 years and to renew it further, you will have earn 60 PDUs every 3 years under different categories.
Which Certification Should You Select?
This is not really a difficult decision. If you live in a country where PRINCE2 is more valued and accepted, you should obtain that certification.
If you are living in a region where the PMP certification is in more demand, you should choose that.
However, if you ask me, I would suggest you go for both. If you are planning to get the PMP certification, after passing it you should at least try the PRINCE2 Foundation course.
And if you are going for PRINCE2, try to get PMP certified after attaining your PRINCE2 certification.
There is absolutely no harm in having both certifications, and in fact your skills will be greatly increased, you will perform more efficiently, and the chances of successfully completing projects will increase. Also, this will make you a more viable candidate in the PMP profession.
In fact, the PMI also recommends PRINCE2, as per the PMBOK Guide Sixth edition: “this standard is a guide rather than a specific methodology. One can use different methodologies and tools (e.g., Agile, waterfall, PRINCE2) to implement the project management framework.”
Likewise, PRINCE2 also recommends the PMP certification. You can also see that the CAPM and the PMP certifications are among the many pre-requisite for the PRINCE2 Practitioner exam.
This shows that these two certifications complement each other rather than compete.
Conclusion
Although PMP and PRINCE2 are different certifications and follow slightly different paths, their objective is the same, i.e. to complete projects successfully. Choosing a certification is totally personal and depends on the geographic location you are in and the certification’s demand.
If you intended to take the PMP exam, I suggest you at least gain a good understanding of the PRINCE2 methodologies after passing the exam. Likewise, you must read the PMBOK Guide after becoming a PRINCE2 Practitioner.
What are your thoughts about these two certificates? Which have you obtained? Please share your thoughts and comments in the comments section.
Table of Contents
PMI takes great care to uphold the quality of its Certifications by establishing high standards in working and educational requirements of certification applicants.
The PMP® Exam Application is often considered as a mini project in itself as Aspirants would need to take much time and efforts to get the application form completed and submitted, not to mention the possibility of having to deal with the dreaded Audit. Before even beginning to fill in the application form, Aspirants would need to understand common mistakes of failing the PMP® application with a view to accelerating and smoothing the application process (by noting these, You will also be well prepared for the Audit too).
Before going into details of the common mistakes, every Aspirants should note the no. 1 mistake in submitting the application is not to become PMI Member before hitting the form submit button — since the saving in exam fee for PMI membership is more than the annual membership fee of PMI.
PMI requires Aspirants to have accumulated a certain amount of hours of working experience before applying for the exam.
On the Application Form, you will be asked to fill in the number of hours for each project you have taken part in according to the project management process groups (initiating, planning, directing, monitoring & controlling and closing the project as defined in the PMBOK® Guide) according to the following template:
- Title of project
- Duration and nature of project
- Supervisor details
- No. of hours spent in each process group
- A brief description of the project including objectives, key deliverables, project outcome, as well as your personal role (in less than 500 characters)
The total amount of working experience hours should be more than the minimal amount specified for different levels of formal education. Also each Aspirants should at least have some experience in each of the five process groups.
Common mistakes when filling in the Application Form include:
The requirement for the 35 Contact Hours for the PMP® Certification is quite simple and clear:
- The 35 Contact Hours of project management education should be any education on project management provided by any formal education provider taken anytime before the PMP® exam, e.g.
- part of University curriculum (only count those hours on project management education)
- bootcamps
- online PMP® courses — all online courses should include a formal end of course assessment to judge whether the student has actually studied the course
- There is no need to have the curriculum based on the PMBOK® Guide nor PMP® Certification.
- Not limited to courses provided by a PMI Registered Education Provider (R.E.P.) — though PMI has pre-approved courses offered by PMI R.E.P. to fulfil the contact hour requirement.
Common mistakes when counting 35 Contact Hours include:
According to PMI’s Customer Care there are three ways that you can fail an audit: No Fault, Non-Compliance and Fraud. Let’s look at them in detail. First we’ll see what PMI writes for each, then we’ll give you an interpretation and our recommendations.
No Fault on the PMP® Applicant
Cannot verify education or experience through no fault of their own – No suspension period and cannot reapply until candidate can provide the experience hours and document them.
In other words, the PMP® Applicant cannot provide the proof of their project management education (35 contact hours) or experience upon request
Non-Compliance to PMI Audit Requests
Candidate chooses not to attempt audit – One year suspension period
If you are audited and you simply have too much going on in your life to participate in the audit, then you can choose not to give any audit responses. Similar to pleading “no contest,” the candidate is subject to a one year suspension period before he/she can apply for the PMP® Exam again.
Intentional Fraud Information Provided in PMP® Application
Providing False Information – Permanently suspended from sitting for PMI exams
PMI will permanently ban Aspirants who provide false information (including making up non-qualified working experiences or faking education certificates) with a view to deceive PMI into believing they meet the requirements of taking the PMP® Exam. Since honesty is an integral quality of every project manager according to the PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, anyone found providing misinformation will not be allowed another chance to apply for any PMI Certifications. This is the worst kind of punishment for failing the PMI audit.
After understanding these three ways of failing the PMI Audit, Aspirants should take note of the common mistakes for PMI Audit failure as follow:
It is hoped that by avoiding these common mistakes in PMP® Application submission, Aspirants can proceed through the Application process as smooth as silk. After passing the application completeness review, paying the exam Fee (and possibly passing the audit), Aspirants will be able to schedule their PMP® Exam time slot and begin the hardcore study for their certification success!