Das B. M., Principles of Foundation Engineering, 8th ed, 2016

Master the fundamental concepts and applications of foundation analysis design with PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION ENGINEERING. This market leading text maintains a careful balance of current research and practical field applications, offers a wealth of worked out examples and figures that show you how to do the work you will be doing as a civil engineer, and helps you develop the judgment you’ll need to properly apply theories and analysis to the evaluation of soils and foundation design.

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Staircase Analysis and Design Spreadsheet

Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a structure. Staircases
consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety
for the users.

Types of Stairs
For purpose of design, stairs are classified into two types; transversely, and longitudinally
supported.
a- Transversely supported (transverse to the direction of movement):
Transversely supported stairs include:
§ Simply supported steps supported by two walls or beams or a combination of both.
§ Steps cantilevering from a wall or a beam.
§ Stairs cantilevering from a central spine beam.
b- Longitudinally supported (in the direction of movement):
These stairs span between supports at the top and bottom of a flight and unsupported at the
sides. Longitudinally supported stairs may be supported in any of the following manners:
a. Beams or walls at the outside edges of the landings.
b. Internal beams at the ends of the flight in addition to beams or walls at the outside edges of
the landings.
c. Landings which are supported by beams or walls running in the longitudinal direction.
d. A combination of (a) or (b), and (c).

e. Stairs with quarter landings associated with open-well stairs.

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Introduction to Tunnel Construction (Applied Geotechnics)

This book seeks to provide an introduction to tunnel construction for
people who have little experience of the subject. Tunnelling is an exciting
subject and is unlike any other form of construction, as the ground
surrounding the tunnel is an integral part of the final structure and plays
a pivotal role in its stability. The ‘art’ of tunnelling cannot be learnt purely
from books and a lot of essential decisions are based on engineering
judgement, experience and even emotion. There is often no single answer
to any question: often the response has to be ‘it depends’.
So how can this book help the reader to understand tunnelling? The aim
of the book is to provide the reader with background information so that
he or she can either make an informed decision and/or consult more
specialist references on a specific topic. It will hopefully give the reader the
tools needed to critically assess tunnel construction techniques and to realize
that not all can be learnt from textbooks. In addition, the book hopes to
demonstrate the breadth of the subject and that to become a tunnelling
expert, many years of experience are required.

Tunnelling is an extensive topic and so the objective of this book is to
provide a general knowledge base and guidance for further reading. It not
only concentrates on different tunnel construction techniques but also brings
in associated relevant topics such as site investigation, which have a large
impact on the final tunnel design and its subsequent construction. It is
important to note that tunnels in the context of this book include all types
of tunnels not only the larger-scale metro, road and rail tunnels, but also
utility tunnels for water, sewerage and cables.
This textbook aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to tunnel
construction. It is aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students with
little or no previous experience and knowledge of tunnel construction, as
well as recently graduated engineers who find themselves working in this
exciting field of civil engineering.

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Steel Detailers’ Manual

Structural steel has distinct capabilities compared with other construction materials such as reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, timber and brickwork. In most structures it is used in combination with other materials, the attributes of each combining to form the whole. For example, a factory building will usually be steel framed with foundations, ground and suspended floors of reinforced concrete. Wall cladding might be of brickwork with the roof clad with profiled steel sheeting. Stability of the whole building usually relies upon the steel frame,

sometimes aided by inherent stiffness of floors and cladding. The structural design and detailing of the building must consider this carefully and take into account intended sequences of construction and erection.

Steel is the most versatile of the traditional construction materials and the most reliable in terms of consistent quality. By its very nature it is also the strongest and may be used to span long distances with a relatively low self weight. Using modern techniques for corrosion protection the use of steel provides structures having a long reliable life, and allied with use of fewer internal columns achieves flexibility for future occupancies. Eventually when the useful life of the structure is over, the steelwork may be dismantled and realise a significant residual value not
achieved with alternative materials. There are also many cases where steel frames have been used again, re-erected elsewhere.

Structural steel is a material having very wide capabilities and is compatible with and can be joined to most other materials, including plain concrete, reinforced or prestressed concrete, brickwork, timber, plastics and earthenware. Its co-efficient of thermal expansion is virtually identical with that of concrete so that differential movements from changes in temperature are not a serious consideration when these materials are combined. Steel is often in competition with other materials, particularly structural concrete. For some projects different contractors
often compete to build the structural frame in steel or concrete to maximise use of their own particular skills and resources. This is healthy as a means of maintaining reasonable construction costs. Steel though is able to contribute effectively in almost any structural project to a significant extent.Steel for structural use is normally hot rolled from billets in the form of flat plate or section at a rolling mill by the steel producer, and then delivered to a steel fabricator’s workshop, where components are manufactured to precise form with connections for joining them together at site.
Frequently used sizes and grades are also supplied by the mills to steel stockholders from whom fabricators may conveniently purchase material at short notice, but often at higher cost. Fabrication involves operations of sawing, shearing, punching, grinding, bending, drilling and
welding to the steel so that it must be suitable for undergoing these processes without detriment to its required properties.

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Shear Strengthening of T-beam with FRP

The rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete (RC) bridges and building becomes necessary due to ageing, corrosion of steel reinforcement, defects in construction/design, demand in the increased service loads, and damage in case of seismic events and improvement in the design guidelines. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have emerged as promising material for rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete structures. The rehabilitation of structures can be in the form of strengthening, repairing or retrofitting for seismic deficiencies. RC T-section is the most common shape of beams and girders in buildings and bridges. Shear failure of RC T-beams is identified as the most disastrous failure mode as it does not give any advance warning before failure. The shear strengthening of RC T-beams using externally bonded (EB) FRP composites has become a popular structural strengthening technique, due to the well-known advantages of FRP composites such as their high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance.

A few studies on shear strengthening of RC T-beams using externally bonded FRP sheets have been carried out but still the shear performance of FRP strengthened beams has not been fully understood. The present study therefore explores the prospect of strengthening structurally deficient T-beams by using an externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP).
This study assimilates the experimental works of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) retrofitted RC T-beams under symmetrical four-point static loading system. The thirteen number of beams were of the following configurations, (i) one number of beam was considered as the control beam, (ii) seven number of the beams were strengthened with different configurations and orientations of GFRP sheets, (iii) three number of the beams strengthened by GFRP with steel bolt-plate, and (iv) two number of beams with web openings strengthened by U-wrap in the shear zone of the beams.

The first beam, designated as control beam failed in shear. The failures of strengthened beams are initiated with the debonding failure of FRP sheets followed by brittle shear failure. However, the shear capacity of these beams has increased as compared to the control beam which can be further improved if the debonding failure is prevented. An innovative method of anchorage technique has been used to prevent these premature failures, which as a result ensure full utilization of the strength of FRP. A theoretical study has also been carried out to support few of the experimental findings.

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Two Way Slab Design Spreadsheets to Eurocode 2

Two-way spanning slabs For rectangular slabs with standard edge conditions and subject to uniformly distributed loads, normally the bending moments are obtained using tabulated coefficients. Suchcoefficients are provided later in this section.

Main reinforcement for two way slabs designs in both directions.
This situation happen when slab were supported at all four span sides and
ratio long per short span less or equivalent to two. Bending moment and shear
force for two way slab depends on ratio ly / lx and extension between his slab
and supporter whether easily supported or constrained.Two way simply supported slab
have a panel and easily supported in edge and panel can lift upward when moment acting on
it, slab is supported by beam steel or extension between slab and non monolithic beam.

Moment only exist in center part of span.

Two way slab constrained have more than one panel or in section slab edge can be prevent from lifted. This situation happen when slab connected by monolithic with the supporter or slab panel connected by monolithic between one and another and moment acting at slab edge. This type of slab has four moment value at one slab panel namely two moment amid span and two moment at direction x and y.

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Unified Design of Steel Structures

Study the design of steel building structures per the 2005 unified specification, ANSI/AISC 360-05 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings with this key resource. Author Louis F. Geschwindner first builds the foundation for steel design and then explores the various member types in more detail. He provides guidance for those new to the field as well as an excellent review for practicing engineers looking to learn the provisions of the unified specification and to convert their practice from the old specifications to the new one.

Content :
Introduction
Loads, Load Factors, and Load Combinations
Steel Building Materials
Tension Members
Compression Members
Bending Members in Structures
Plate Girders
Beam-Columns and Frame Behavior
Composite Construction
Connection Elements
Simple Connections
Moment Connections
Steel Systems for Seismic Resistance

Chapter 1 includes an expanded discussion of structural integrity along with a discussion of the timing of adoption of the new provisions into the International Building Code. The integrated project introduced in this chapter for use throughout the book has been relocated to a new city from the 2nd edition and the framing system modified. This will provide new homework options for those who have implemented this project. A computer model using the RAM Structural System will be available on the book website to support inclusion of the integrated project in courses. Finally, an expanded discussion of reliability and statistics as it applies to structural steel design has been included.

Chapter 2 provides an expanded discussion of snow, wind and seismic loads and additional calculations for these environmental loads using ASCE 7.

Chapter 3 discusses the new steels approved by the 2016 Specification and the new approach taken by ASTM to the specification of high strength bolts.

Chapter 4 addresses tension members. The provisions have not changed, but there has been a revision in standard hole sizes for bolts. These new sizes have been implemented in the examples where appropriate.

Chapter 5 looks at compression members, and the Specification nomenclature change of KL to Lc has been implemented. A section and an example have been added to address gravity-only columns and their influence on the effective length of columns in lateral load resisting systems. The completely new approach for treatment of columns with slender elements, introduced with the 2016 Specification, is addressed. Single angle compression members and built-up compression members are discussed and examples provided.

Chapter 6 on flexural members includes a discussion of the shape factor and its significance. The use of Manual Table 3-10, the beam curves, with Cb not equal to 1.0, is expanded and a new example is included to illustrate the use of Manual Table 3-2, the economy tables, for noncompact beams. The treatment of tees, single angles and double angle beams has been expanded and examples included. Determination of shear strength for wide-flange members when the reduced resistance factor or increased safety factor must be used is now illustrated.

Chapter 7 addresses plate girders as doubly symmetric I-shapes built up from plates. It now includes a discussion of these plate girders with compact webs. The completely revised treatment of shear in plate girders included in the 2016 Specification has been incorporated, and the corresponding stiffener design has been expanded.

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Advanced Concrete Technology Processes

Advances in Water Resources Engineering

The past 35 + years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that
positive actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading
effects of all forms of pollution—air, water, soil, thermal, radioactive, and noise.
Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic
demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero
waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate
the subsequent pollution by converting it into a less noxious form. Three major
questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1)
How serious are the environmental pollution and water resources crisis? (2) Is the
technology to abate them available? And (3) do the costs of abatement justify the
degree of abatement achieved for environmental protection and water resources
conservation? This book is one of the volumes of the Handbook of Environmental
Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to help readers formulate
answers to the above three questions.The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific environmental
and water resources problems has been a major contributing factor to the
success of environmental engineering, and has accounted in large measure for the
establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.” However, the realization
of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmental
problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement
systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of the
performance, potential, and limitations of the various methods of environmental
protection available for environmental scientists and engineers. In this series of
handbooks, we will review at a tutorial level a broad spectrum of engineering systems
(natural environment, processes, operations, and methods) currently being utilized,
or of potential utility, for pollution abatement and environmental protection.
We believe that the unified interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks
is a logical step in the evolution of environmental engineering.

Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engineering
formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles
and theories of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics. This emphasis
on fundamental science recognizes that engineering practice has in recent years
become more firmly based on scientific principles rather than on its earlier dependency
on empirical accumulation of facts. It is not intended, though, to neglect
empiricism where such data lead quickly to the most economic design; certain engineering
systems are not readily amenable to fundamental scientific analysis, and in
these instances we have resorted to less science in favor of more art and empiricism.
Since an environmental water resources engineer must understand science within
the context of applications, we first present the development of the scientific
basis of a particular subject, followed by exposition of the pertinent design concepts
and operations, and detailed explanations of their applications to environmental
conservation or protection. Throughout the series, methods of mathematical modeling,
system analysis, practical design, and calculation are illustrated by numerical
examples. These examples clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning
leads to the most direct and clear solutions. Wherever possible, pertinent cost data
have been provided.Our treatment of environmentalwater resources engineering is offered in the belief
that the trained engineer should more firmly understand fundamental principles,
be more aware of the similarities and/or differences among many of the engineering
systems, and exhibit greater flexibility and originality in the definition and innovative
solution of environmental system problems. In short, the environmental and
water resources engineers should by conviction and practice be more readily adaptable
to change and progress.

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Construction Program Management – Decision Making and Optimization Techniques

The recent trend in the construction industry is how to manage large and complex
programs. Multiple projects being built simultaneously, as part of government or
private programs, will need structured and sophisticated program management
techniques in order to deliver the vast and complex building works at hand with a
relatively short period. Without proper program management procedures, these
often huge, complex, multi-projects can take decades to construct with draining
budgets. With program management, the building works can be relatively short
spanning years with significant cost reduction.
Although program management methods have been applied successfully in the
USA (NASA and ARMY programs as an example), Europe (Marshall Plan), and
some of the United Nation programs, there have not been literature nor research to
sustain the theories behind the successful implementation of these methods nor their
proper and scientific know-how. All the focus has been on project management
techniques with their apparent short-folds for program constructability.This book will look on the different program management methods, ranging
from simple decision-making techniques and statistics analysis to the more complex
linear programming, and how program managers, directors, clients, stakeholders,
contractors, and consultants can benefit from the availability of these different
techniques. The book is unique in a way as it looks on how to apply new and
developed techniques to optimize for the delivery of programs mainly in the field of
artificial intelligence especially knowledge-based systems and genetic algorithms.
The author’s unique experience in complex management, program management,
and his past research and studies in analytical analysis and mathematical modeling
and artificial intelligence has induced him to write this book to well inform readers
about the different techniques that can be applied for future program execution.

Program management is concerned with the construction of a group of
related projects, carried out to achieve a defined objective or benefit to a client,
falling under the auspices of a program. The program management process balances
the key program constraints and provides a tool for making decisions throughout
the program cycle based on benchmark values, performance metrics, established
procedures, and the program aims. In order to find better solutions for many aspects
of a program, including planning and scheduling, distribution of resources such as
labor and staff, optimizing the procurement process and minimizing costs while
achieving the program objectives, a program manager must be familiar with the
fundamental methodologies of heuristics methods, operations research, and
sophisticated intelligent techniques to deal with these complex issues. This book
will focus on the fundamental rules in planning and scheduling for program
activities, the application of methods and techniques in the decision-making process
for often very complex situations, operations research and optimization and
mathematical modeling, and lately, the use of complex, efficient, and intelligent
systems in order to provide optimal solutions to program managers. The book
serves as an introduction for program managers for the above and introduces the
basic elements in critical path method (CPM), statistics and forecasting methods,
linear programming, knowledge-based systems, and genetic algorithms and their
applications as decision-making tools in key areas in program management.

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Examples in Structural Analysis Second Edition

The design of structures, of which analysis is an integral part, is frequently undertaken
using computer software. This can only be done safely and effectively if those undertaking
the design fully understand the concepts, principles and assumptions on which the
computer software is based. It is vitally important therefore that design engineers develop
this knowledge and understanding by studying and using hand-methods of analysis based
on the same concepts and principles, e.g. equilibrium, energy theorems, elastic,
elasto-plastic and plastic behaviour and mathematical modelling.
In addition to providing a mechanism for developing knowledge and understanding,
hand-methods also provide a useful tool for readily obtaining approximate solutions during
preliminary design and an independent check on the answers obtained from computer
analyses.

The methods explained and illustrated in this text, whilst not exhaustive, include those
most widely used in typical design offices, e.g. method-of-sections/joint resolution/unit
load/McCaulay’s method/moment distribution/plastic analysis etc.
In Chapter 7 a résumé is given of the direct stiffness method; the technique used in
developing most computer software analysis packages. The examples and problems in this
case have been restricted and used to illustrate the processes undertaken when using
matrix analysis; this is not regarded as a hand-method of analysis.

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