A work method statement sometimes called a “safe system of work”, is a document that details the way a work task or process is to be completed.
The method statement should outline the hazards involved and include a step by step guide on how to do the job safely.
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Trains, ships and automobiles have all been swept along in recent years by the electric power revolution – and planes are next.
Passenger jets are poised for an electric makeover that could fundamentally change the economics and environmental outlook of the aviation industry. Up until now the fact that the necessary batteries weigh two tonnes each has limited the switch from fossil fuels to a totally electric-powered future.
However, last month a consortium comprising Airbus, Rolls-Royce and Siemens said they had found a way to use hybrid electric jet engines to conquer gravity. They are converting a regional jet into a demonstration plane, called the E-Fan X, which will be ready by 2020.
Paul Stein, chief technology officer at Rolls-Royce, said: “It is a two-tonne battery pack – the batteries are still fairly heavy. Beating gravity into submission is a huge challenge, so weight is a big issue.”
The BAE 146 demo aircraft, a jet that seats up to 100 people, will at first have one of its four gas turbine engines replaced with the hybrid engine. This engine will be powered by batteries and an onboard generator using jet fuel. If successful, the team will then move to two electric engines. Siemens is designing the 2MW electric motor, Rolls is building the generator that powers the engine and Airbus will integrate the system into the plane and link it to flight controls. They are developing the hybrid motor because fully electric commercial flights are currently out of reach.
Pound for pound, fossil fuels contain around 100 times as much energy as a lithium-ion battery, the most common electric power pack at present. In a car, which has its wheels planted firmly on the ground, engineering boffins can design a vehicle to offset that weight disadvantage.
But in a machine that must lift itself off the ground and propel upwards this is a much harder problem to solve.
This tricky dilemma is a challenge that has been embraced with renewed gusto in the aviation sector. “Aviation has always eluded electrification largely because of the size and weight of components involved,” Stein said. “But technology has moved on apace. Electrification is now poised to make a significant impact.”
Stein said three classes of aviation are potentially within reach of an electric engine revolution. “The smallest is air taxis, which can take 1 to 4 people up to 75 miles. For small air taxis, the battery technology is almost ready now,” he said.
Some of these air taxis look like flying cars, such as those backed by Larry Page, one of Google’s founders. Chinese-owned Terrafugia’s “roadable aircraft” drives like a typical car on the ground and fits in a standard single-car garage and can be pre-ordered for $300,000 (£224,000). Pipistrel, a Slovenian company, already makes a two-seater electric training plane. Airbus has also developed a two-seater, the E Fan, which flew across the Channel in 2015.
The second market is the small, regional jet that can carry between 10 and 100 passengers. “Our target end game is a fixed wing, regional hybrid design,” Stein said of the E-Fan X project. The third market – the short-haul commercial market, dominated by Airbus’s A320 and Boeing’s 737 – is still some way off.
Bjorn Fehrm, an aeronautical analyst at aviation Leeham News and Comment, said: “For ultra short range, it can be fully electric. For the range of today’s thousands of single aisle [A320, 737] planes, it will have to be hybrid for at least another 30 years. For long range, it’s unrealistic. There would have to be a breakthrough in fuel cells, or similar.”
Airlines are watching the evolution of electric battery technology with interest. EasyJet wants electric planes to fly passengers on its short-haul routes within 10 to 20 years. It has signed a deal with Wright Electric, a US engineering company, to develop electric-powered aircraft that could reach Paris and Amsterdam from London.
The attractions for airlines are clear; depending on the oil price, jet fuel had accounted for between 17% and 36% of their running costs over the last few years. Stein reckons the E-Fan X could produce fuel savings of 15%.
The rush to electric battery technology in the automobile sector and a renewed push by aviation is likely to lead to scientific breakthroughs in what is possible over the coming years. Samsung Electronics recently declared it increased the energy capacity of a lithium-ion battery by 45%, and decreased the time needed for a recharge, by incorporating graphene – an ultra-thin form of carbon – into the power pack. Lithium-ion battery chemistry is notoriously unstable, prone to overheating and catching fire – not ideal when cruising at 35,000 feet.
“For us, safety is paramount. The burden of proof to ensure we maintain that safety margin is very high,” Stein said. “We cannot have a battery chemistry that risks a fire.”
So, lots of big hitters are ploughing huge investment and brain-power into developing alternative battery chemistries. One promising option is a solid-state lithium battery, which replaces the liquid electrolyte of current cells with a solid substitute. Such batteries offer much higher energy densities and should also be cheap to mass produce. Huge riches await those that can crack the problem and produce a next generation power source that is cheaper and greener.
Source: www.thegardian.com
Today, the spreadsheet is an essential tool for engineers. Christy provides the tools needed to quickly apply the powerful analytic capability of Microsoft Excel to structural engineering applications. The book and CD-ROM present more than 50 ready-to-use Excel templates that demonstrate basic calculations and presentation techniques as well as advanced functions that may be unfamiliar to even experienced users. Applications include concrete, wind and seismic issues, foundation soil loading, the vortex shedding of tall stacks, and other engineering issues.Beneficial to professionals and college students alike, Engineering with the Spreadsheet is an indispensable resource for structural engineers.
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Using a design-oriented approach that addresses geotechnical, structural, and construction aspects of foundation engineering, this book explores practical methods of designing structural foundations, while emphasizing and explaining how and why foundations behave the way they do.
It explains the theories and experimental data behind the design procedures, and how to apply this information to real-world problems. Covers general principles (performance requirements,
soil mechanics, site exploration and characterization); shallow foundations (bearing capacity, settlement, spread footings — geotechnical design, spread footings — structural design, mats);
deep foundations (axial load capacity — full-scale load tests, static methods, dynamic methods; lateral load capacity; structural design); special topics (foundations on weak and compressible
soils, foundation on expansive soils, foundations on collapsible soils); and earth retaining structures (lateral earth pressures, cantilever retaining walls, sheet pile walls, soldier pile walls,
internally stabilized earth retaining structures). For geotechnical engineers, soils engineers, structural engineers, and foundation engineers.
Treating anchorages as a direct application of the laws of statics and the theories governing the transfer of load, this book focuses on designs that are safe and reasonably priced. It is divided into two parts.
Following a general introduction in the first chapter, Part One goes on to explore anchor systems, components, installation and construction details.
Presents special anchor systems such as extractable, compression-type, multibell, and regroutable anchors. Analyzes the transfer of load and its relation to failure modes and anchor load capacity; deals with design considerations; covers mechanisms and types of corrosion; and details anchor stressing, testing programs, and evaluation standards.
Part Two considers uses and applications and design aspects of anchored structures; presents design examples of practical value and reasonable simplicity; and incorporates examples and case histories.
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This Excel sheet to design Concrete Basement Wall details strength design (durability and other considerations not included) for a new buried concrete basement wall in a single-story masonry building.
The example follows the provisions of ACI 318-11, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. Throughout the example, discussion of the “in practice” decisions/situations the designer may encounter are included. Additionally, at the conclusion of the problem some “what-ifs” are evaluated.
ACI Committee E702, “Designing Concrete Structures Committee,” is part of the ACI Educational Committee structure.
Their mission is to develop educational programs and instructional materials within the area of design.
The committee has developed various design examples to illustrate the use of various ACI documents.
These examples provide step-by-step calculations with references to applicable code provisions for common member design problems, and may also include calculations for common concrete testing procedures, field data analysis, or evaluations.
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Common practice of design and construction is to support the slabs by beams and support the beams by columns. This may be called as beam-slab construction.
The beams reduce the available net clear ceiling height. Hence in warehouses, offices and public halls some times beams are avoided and slabs are directly supported by columns.
This types of construction is aesthetically appealing also. These slabs which are directly supported by columns are called Flat Slabs.
This handbook contains some of the most recent developments in theoretical and applied
foundation engineering in addition to classical foundation design methods. The inclusion of
recent developments mostly enriches the classical design concepts in Chapters 3–7, 10 and 11.
It also enables the reader to update his or her knowledge of new modeling concepts applicable
to foundation design. Most recently developed in situ testing methods discussed in detail in
Chapter 2 certainly familiarize the reader with state-of-the-art techniques adopted in site
testing.
In addition, modern ground stabilization techniques introduced in Chapter 12 by an
experienced senior engineer in Hayward-Baker Inc., a leading authority in site improvement
work across North America, provides the reader with the knowledge of effective site
improvement techniques that are essential for foundation design.
Innovative and widely used methods of testing pile foundations are introduced with numerical illustrations in Chapters 2 and 7. LRFD designs in Chapters 3 and 6 and the design of retaining structures with geogrids included in Chapter 10 are unique features of this foundation engineering handbook.
For the benefit of the reader, the basic and advanced soil mechanics concepts needed in foundation design are elaborated with several numerical examples in Chapter 1.
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Table of Contents
Use the Getting Starting screen to quickly learn about new features. Pre-built Project templates make sure you get started on the right track.
Familiar automated scheduling tools help reduce inefficiencies and training time. Multiple timelines make it easier to visualize complex schedules.
Resource management tools help you build project teams, request needed resources, and create more efficient schedules.
Built-in reports help project stakeholders visualize data to gain insights across projects and make more informed decisions.
Access 3D modeling, construction-driven engineering, and analysis all in one application. Streamline your workflow, ensure design quality, and reduce production time with Power InRoads.
Combine traditional engineering workflows of plan, profile, and cross-sections with innovative 3D modeling technology. The result is improved quality with integrated designs based on parametric relationships and constraints.
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