EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE is the physical principle behind the pressure tube (Pitot) or pressure-plate anemometer. The wind pressure is also used to orient wind vanes and measure the wind direction.
The pressure plate measures the deflection of a flat plate that is continually oriented along the wind direction by a vane.
Dynamic wind load gives rise to vertical motion, creating oscillations in any direction. Like the breaking of an overused violin string, oscillations are vibrations that can cause a bridge to fail.
AXIAL COLUMN SHORTENING In tall buildings, columns carry huge loads which effectively compress the column along its axis. This is commonly known as ‘axial shortening’.
The axial column displacements generate significant forces within the structural elements they support, and can also cause failure of surrounding non-structural elements.
Bearing in mind that reinforced concrete is a key component in a majority of built environment structures, Concrete Buildings in Seismic Regions combines the scientific knowledge of earthquake engineering with a focus on the design of reinforced concrete buildings in seismic regions. This book addresses practical design issues, providing an integrated, comprehensible, and clear presentation that is suitable for design practice.
It combines current approaches to seismic analysis and design, with a particular focus on reinforced concrete structures, and includes:
Concrete Buildings in Seismic Regions determines guidelines for the proper structural system for many types of buildings, explores recent developments, and covers the last two decades of analysis, design, and earthquake engineering.
Divided into three parts, the book specifically addresses seismic demand issues and the basic issues of structural dynamics, considers the “capacity” of structural systems to withstand seismic effects in terms of strength and deformation, and highlights existing R/C buildings under seismic action.
All of the book material has been adjusted to fit a modern seismic code and offers in-depth knowledge of the background upon which the code rules are based. It complies with the last edition of European Codes of Practice for R/C buildings in seismic regions. It also includes references to the American Standards in effect for seismic design.
Circular Column: Circular columns are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings for aesthetic purposes.
In a circular column, more than 4 longitudinal steel bars are used as a reinforcement bar. Its bending resistance is generally higher than the square or rectangular column.
Rigid beam-to-column connections are generally subjected to axial and shear forces in addition to bending and torsional moments. Design equation for end-plate thickness of these connections has been extensively investigated
Friction-type connections are widely used to connect steel members where slipping is not permitted under serviceability loads. The friction developed between the faying surfaces transfers the design shear forces at the serviceability limit states. The bolts act in tension and are not subject to shear.
Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-sided support system with sheer load of the slab being concentrated on the supporting columns and a square slab called ‘drop panels’
COLUMN LOAD TAKE DOWN & DESIGN FOR SYMMETRICALLY REINFORCED RECT. COLUMNS BENT ABOUT TWO AXES TO BS 8110:1997
An engineer needs to carry this calculation out for every column and every floor, summing the results at the end to arrive at a cumulative load for a given column at the foundation.
A two-way slab is a slab which is generally supported on all sides of walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is less than two and it twists or bends in both direction while transferring the loads to the walls or beams.
