The gravity flow of water is when the flow of water in a pipe is caused by the force of gravity. The flow will happen as long as there is an altitude difference between the source water (upstream source) and the discharge point.
Using Beam Tab (Single Plate) Bolted to Beam Web and Welded to Column Flange subjected to shear and/or axial load.
The main aim of this book, published at the time Eurocode 8 is starting its course as the only seismic design standard in Europe, is to support its application to concrete buildings – the most common type of structure – through education and training.
.
This book is an expanded version of the earlier (first edition) text, Earthquake Engineering —Damage Assessment and Structural Design, here called EE-DA&SD.
Every chapter of the first edition has been altered and enlarged and new chapters have been added to include work done by the author and some of his graduate students, following the publication of EE-DA&SD.
Some remarks concerning the modus operandi of the two texts may be in order. In accordance with currently accepted methods of scientific inquiry, the procedures used in EE-DA&SD and in this bode for developing the rational earthquake engineering theory.
By PANKAJ AGARWAL
The vast devastation of engineered systems and facilities during the past few earthquakes has exposed serious deficiencies in the prevalent design and construction practices. These disasters have created a new awareness of disaster preparedness and mitigation.
With increased awareness came the demand of learning resource material which directly addresses the requirements of professionals without any circumlocution. While the recommended codes of practice for earthquake resistant design do exist but those only specify a set of criteria for compliance. These design codes throw little light on the basic issue of how to design.
The problem! Jl becomes more acute as students graduate with degrees in civil/structural engineering without any exposure to earthquake engineering in most of the universities/institutes. The short-term refresher courses routinely offered by various institutes and universities for professionals achieve little more than mere familiarization with the subject matter.
This chapter provides a basic understanding of earthquakes, by first discussing the causes of earthquakes,
then defining commonly used terms, explaining how earthquakes are measured, discussing the distribution
of seismicity, and, finally, explaining how seismicity can be characterized.
Earthquakes are broad-banded vibratory ground motions, resulting from a number of causes including tectonic ground motions, volcanism, landslides, rockbursts, and man-made explosions.
Of these, naturally occurring tectonic-related earthquakes are the largest and most important.
These are caused by the fracture and sliding of rock along faults within the Earth’s crust. A fault is a zone of the
earth’s crust within which the two sides have moved — faults may be hundreds of miles long, from one to over one hundred miles deep, and are sometimes not readily apparent on the ground surface.
By Ikuo Towhata
The main aim of this book is a collection of data which is useful in understanding the state-of-art technology and its application to new topics. Understanding the fundamental issues is important because practice makes use of many assumptions, hypotheses, and ways of thinking.
It has been my policy to show reasons why practice employs those ideas by showing experimental and field backgrounds. This idea does not change even today. Collecting background information is not very easy for an individual person.
It is necessary to read many publications; some were published in the first half of the 20th Century, and others in domestic publications. Not being impossible, this information collection is firstly a time-consuming business.
Secondly, access to old publications may not be easy to everybody. I am therefore attempting in this book to collect information as much as possible so that the new generation of readers can save time in studying.
