Category: RESOURCES

Design of Concrete Retaining Wall as per BS 8110:2005

Design of Concrete Retaining Wall as per BS 8110:2005

 

Retaining walls provide lateral support to vertical slopes of soil. They retain soil which would otherwise collapse into a more natural shape. The retained soil is sometimes referred to as backfill.Retaining walls can be constructed of many different materials and with a variety of building techniques.
All advice or information from the British Cement Association and/or The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by the BCA, TCC or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Users should note that all TCC software and publications are subject to revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.

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RC Spreadsheets Version 4B

RC Spreadsheets Version 4B

 

The popular RC-spreadsheets package version 4 was issued following the amendment to the UK National Annex to Eurocode 2 in December 2009. These Excel spreadsheets are intended as aids for design to both Eurocode 2 and BS 8110-1:1997.

Version 4B.2 provides updates to Version 4B.1 that reflect developments and improvements particularly with respect to punching shear, column design and pilecap design as well as applying bug fixes.

What does RC Spreadsheets do?
For the experienced engineer, the spreadsheets allow the rapid production of clear and accurate design calculations. For post-graduates and new engineers they encourage understanding of concrete design and help the gaining of experience by studying ‘what if’ scenarios. The individual user is able to answer their own questions by chasing through the cells to understand the logic used.

Since their release in January 2000, the RC Spreadsheets have proved to be enormously popular. They are written for engineers by engineers. The original spreadsheets have evolved and been added to and the usefulness and robustness of the product have been enhanced by users feedback. If you have any comments please let us know.

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Retaining Wall with Anchors Analysis and Design Spreadsheet

Retaining Wall with Anchors Analysis and Design Spreadsheet

This spreadsheet provides the design and analysis of retaining wall with anchors.
Retaining walls with anchors shall be dimensioned to ensure that the total lateralload, Ptotal, plus any additional horizontal loads, are resisted by the horizontal component of the anchor Factored Design Load Thi, of all the anchors and the reaction, R, at or below the bottom of the wall. The embedded vertical elements shall ensure stability and sufficientpassive resistance against translation. The calculated embedment length shall be the greater of that calculated by the Designer or Geotechnical Services.

Typical design steps for retaining walls with ground anchors are as follows:

Step 1 : Establish project requirements including all geometry, external loading conditions (temporary and/ or permanent, seismic, etc.), performance criteria, and construction constraints. Consult with Geotechnical Services for the requirements.

Step 2 : Evaluate site subsurface conditions and relevant properties of the in situ soil or rock; and any specifications controlled fill materials including all materials strength parameters, ground water levels, etc. This step is to be performed by Geotechnical Services.

Step 3 : Evaluate material engineering properties, establish design load and resistance factors, and select level of corrosion protection. Consult with Geotechnical Services for soil and rock engineering properties and design issues.

Step 4 : Consult with Geotechnical Services to select the lateral earth pressure distribution acting on back of wall for final wall height. Add appropriate water, surcharge, and seismic pressures to evaluate total lateral pressure. Check stability at intermediate steps during contruction. Geotechnical numerical analysis may be required to simulate staged construction. Consult Geotechnical Services for the task, should it be required.

Step 5 : Space the anchors vertically and horizontally based upon wall type and wall height. Calculate individual anchor loads. Revise anchor spacing and geometry if necessary.

Step 6 : Determine required anchor inclination and horizontal angle based on right-of-way limitations, location of appropriate anchoring strata, and location of underground structures.

Step 7 : Resolve each horizontal anchor load into a vertical force component and a force along the anchor.

Step 8 : Structure Design checks the internal stability and Geotechnical Services checks the external stability of anchored system. Revise ground anchor geometry if necessary.

Step 9 : When adjacent structures are sensitive to movements Structure Design and Geotechical Services shall jointly decide the appropriate level and method of analysis required. Revise design if necessary. For the estimate of lateral wall movements and ground surface settlements, geotechnical numerical analysis is most likely required. Consult with Geotechnical Services for the task, should it be required.

Step 10 : Structure Design analyzes lateral capacity of pile section below excavation subgrade.
Geotechnical Services analyzes vertical capacity. Revise pile section if necessary.

Step 11 : Design connection details, concrete facing, lagging, walers, drainage systems, etc.
Consult with Geotechnical Services for the design of additional drainage needs.

Step 12 : Design the wall facing architectural treatment as required by the Architect.

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Excel Construction Management Templates

Excel Construction Management Templates

 

Excel Construction Management Templates are very important for managers as it’s very difficulit to manage construction projects. they Require alot of stakeholders, details and documentation. So we provide more than 15 free excel construction management templates to download and use themthe templates involve :
  • Construction Timeline
  • Construction Budget
  • Construction Estimator
  • Bid Tabulation Template
  • Abstract of Bids Template
  • Subcontractor Documentation Tracker
  • Construction Documentation Tracker
  • Daily/Weekly Inspection Report
  • Contractor Progress Payment Template
  • Change Order Request Summary
  • Change Order Log
  • Request for Information Log
  • Residential Remodel Project Timeline
  • Certified Wage & Hour Payroll Form
  • Time & Materials Invoice
  • Project Punchlist
  • Project Closeout Checklist
  • Construction Management with Smartsheet

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Design of Bridge Slab Spreadsheet

Design of Bridge Slab Spreadsheet

 

Reinforced Slab Bridges used For short spans, a solid reinforced concrete slab, generally cast in-situ rather than precast, is the simplest design to about 25m span, such voided slabs are more economical than prestressed slabs.
Slab bridges are defined as structures where the deck slab also serves as the main load-carrying component. The span-to-width ratios are such that these bridges may be designed for simple 1-way bending as opposed to 2-way plate bending. This design guide provides a basic procedural outline for the design of slab bridges using the LRFD Code and also includes a worked example.
The LRFD design process for slab bridges is similar to the LFD design process. Both codes require the main reinforcement to be designed for Strength, Fatigue, Control of Cracking, and Limits of Reinforcement. All reinforcement shall be fully developed at the point of necessity. The minimum slab depth guidelines specified in Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 need not be followed if the reinforcement meets these requirements.
For design, the Approximate Elastic or “Strip” Method for slab bridges found in Article 4.6.2.3 shall be used.
According to Article 9.7.1.4, edges of slabs shall either be strengthened or be supported by an edge beam which is integral with the slab. As depicted in Figure 3.2.11-1 of the Bridge Manual, the #5 d1 bars which extend from the 34 in. F-Shape barrier into the slab qualify as shear reinforcement (strengthening) for the outside edges of slabs.
When a 34 in. or 42 in. F-Shape barrier (with similar d1 bars) is used on a slab bridge, its structural adequacy as an edge beam should typically only need to be verified. The barrier should not be considered structural. Edge beam design is required for bridges with open joints and possibly at stage construction lines. If the out-to-out width of a slab bridge exceeds 45 ft., an open longitudinal joint is required.

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Steel Connection Design Spreadsheet

Steel Connection Design Spreadsheet

Steel Connection is divided into two common methods: bolting and welding.
Bolting is the preferred method of Steel connecting members on the site. Staggered bolt layout allows easier access for tightening with a pneumatic wrench when a connection is all bolted.  High strength bolts may be snug-tightened or slip-critical. Snug-tightened connections are referred to as bearing connections Bolts in a slip-critical connection act like clamps holding the plies of the material together.Bearing type connections may have threads included ( Type N ) or excluded ( Type X ) from the shear plane(s).  Including the threads in the shear plane reduces the strength of the connection by approximately 25%.  Loading along the length of the bolt puts the bolt in axial tension. If tension failure occurs, it usually takes place in the threaded section.Three types of high strength bolts A325, A490 (Hexagonal Head Bolts), and F1852 (Button Head Bolt). A325 may be galvanized A490 bolts must not be galvanized F1852 bolts are mechanically galvanized. High strength bolts are most commonly available in 5/8” – 1 ½” diameters. Bolting requires punching or drilling of holes. Holes may be standard size holes, oversize holes, short slotted holes, long slotted holes

 

Due to high costs of labor, extensive field -welding is the most expensive component in a steel frame. Welding should be performed on bare metal. Shop welding is preferred over field welding. The weld material should have a higher strength than the pieces being connected.Single-pass welds are more economical than multi-pass welds. The most economical size weld that may be horizontally deposited in one pass has 5/16”. Fillet welds and groove welds make up the majority of all structural welds. The strength of a fillet weld is directly proportional to the weld’s throat dimension. The capacity of a weld depends on the weld’s throat dimension and its length.

 

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Contiguous Piled Wall With Ground Anchor Support Design Spreadsheet

Contiguous Piled Wall With Ground Anchor Support Design Spreadsheet

 

Contiguous Piles, structures made of piles, and pile-like structures are useful structural elements to support deep excavations and cuts in slopes, and to retain creeping or sliding slopes, not uncommonly in seismic areas.
Depending on the static system and the dimensions the structural elements transfer forcesmainly by shear (“dowel”) and/or mainly by bending (“beam”) to the ground.
In numerous cases they are particularly effective in combination with otherstructural measures like (pre-stressed)
anchors and/or drainage systems. The paper presents case histories including piles and pile-like structures, which are applied for retaining structures in slopes.
The main focus is on infrastructureprojects in creeping slopes. Two case historiesfrom Austria and Sloveniaare presented in detail. Miscellaneous projects from European countries concentrating on various aspects complement
the contribution.

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