Design for Torsion is moment act along the longitudinal axis of the beams, two types of torsion exist in structures first primary or equilibrium torsion as shown inFig. The torsion resistance is provided primarily by closed stirrups and longitudinal bars located near the surface of the member.
Shear reinforcement is designed to resist shear forces in excess of the shear strength of concrete. They are provided in forms of vertical or inclined stirrups or longitudinal reinforcement bent up at 45 degrees at locations where they are no longer needed to resist bending.
A reinforced-concrete beam having projecting ledges for receiving the ends of joists or the like. A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam’s axis (an element designed to carry primarily axial load would be a strut or column). Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam’s support points.
